城市化过程中半城市化地区社区人居环境特征研究——以厦门市集美区为例

城市化过程中半城市化地区存在着城市化程度由低到高的农村社区、城乡过渡型社区以及居住小区等城市型社区,社区人居环境多样化、多变化。在城市化影响下,这些社区人居环境呈现一定的特征。以厦门市集美区为例,通过选取典型社区,分析其景观格局特征,构建人居环境评价指标体系,对城市化过程中半城市化地区不同类型社区的人居环境特征进行了研究。结果表明:①从农村到城乡过渡型社区,建筑面积比例显著增加,道路面积比例变化不大,而林地和草地面积比例逐渐减少,景观格局逐渐变为景观类型较单一、以现代建筑为优势景观的状态,景观趋于破碎化,形状略趋复杂,城市居住小区各类景观面积比例则相对合理,但景观高度破碎化、形状较规则。②城市化过程中各类型社区人居环境质量均逐渐变好,城乡过渡型社区和农村尤为明显,城市居住小区质量明显高于过渡型社区与农村,且除城中村之外,从农村到城市居住小区社区城市化程度与人居环境质量呈正相关关系。③城市化总体上促进了社区人居环境质量的提高,但对社区人居环境各方面的作用具有不同的规律,对于环境质量、人文环境等方面具有一定的负面影响。     

宁夏扬黄灌溉对土壤环境的影响

本文在对宁夏扬黄灌区的同心县河草沟村的调查取样基础上 ,通过对灌溉地土壤灌溉前后以及灌溉地土壤与非灌溉地土壤之间的比较 ,分析了扬黄灌溉后 ,灌区土壤在盐分含量、土壤颗粒组成、土壤养分和土壤微量元素含量等方面的变化 ,以及这些变化对土壤沙化、土壤盐渍化和土壤环境质量等的影响。结果表明 ,扬黄灌溉在一定程度上抑制了土壤沙化 ,改善了表层土壤的盐分状况 ,提高了土壤肥力 ,但并没有彻底消除土壤盐渍化的潜在危害 ,也部分造成了土壤环境质量的下降。     

FDI理论与区位决策研究述评

外商直接投资(Foreign Direct Investment, FDI) 理论与区位决策已成为多个学科的热点研究领域。自Hymer 垄断优势理论诞生以来, FDI 理论发展迅速, 1980 年代前, FDI 理论主要集中于对发达国家FDI 行为的研究, 并形 成了FDI 理论主流学说。之后新兴工业化国家FDI 的不断繁盛催生了研究发展中国家的FDI 理论。但无论发达国 家的主流FDI 理论还是发展中国家的新兴FDI 理论, 都只能在特定范围、特定时期某种程度上解释某些国家(地 区) 的FDI 行为。已有FDI 理论远没有满足现实需求, 系统和成熟的FDI 一般理论框架还有待建立。FDI 区位决策 研究有局部均衡和一般均衡分析两类。局部均衡分析早期注重传统因素对FDI 区位的影响, 近年更关注集聚经济 和区域一体化因素的作用。但如何精确测度集聚经济及将其与传统因素分离还有待深入研究。一般均衡分析理论 上是FDI 区位决策的理想研究框架, 但实际操作中存在缺乏理论基础和恰当的实证规范等问题。     

Sedimentary characteristics of paleo-aeolian dune sands of Salawusu Formation in the Salawusu River Valley

The Salawusu Formation of Milanggouwan section in Salawusu River Valley in-cludes 7 layers of paleo-mobile dune sands, and 4 layers of paleo-fixed and semi-fixed dune sands. Their structures have been observed and their grain size, surface textural features and several main chemical elements have been analyzed. The results showed that: 1) Some of the aeolian structural characteristics of these dune sands are similar to that of the recent dune sands. 2) They are also similar to the recent dune sands in grain size components, and parameters of Mz, σ, Sk and Kg, as well as in several main chemical components. 3) The scattergrams of Mz-σ and SiO2–Al2O3+TOFE and the probability curves of grain size showed that these paleo-dune sands are different from paleosols and fluvio-lacustrine facies, but are consistency with recent dune sands. 4) Quartz sands have well roundness and surface textural features such as dish-shaped pits, crescent-shaped pits, pockmarked pits, upturned cleavage plates, siliceous precipitates and siliceous crevasses, indicating that they had been carried for a long time by the wind. As the 11 layers of paleo-dune sands possess the aeolian characteristics in structure, grain size, surface textural features and chemical elements, the origin of their formation should be attributed to eolation.     

我国林业系统湿地类型自然保护区分析与对策

自然保护区是我国社会经济可持续发展赖以实现的重要自然基础,林业系统占了我国自然保护区的绝大多数。本文对林业系统内湿地类型的自然保护区的类别、级别、区域和面积进行了统计和分析,并根据存在的问题提出了针对性的解决对策。     

大明山云贵山茉莉种群的小尺度空间格局

种群的空间分布类型与空间关联性是空间格局研究的两个主要内容.应用点格局分析方法对广西大明山云贵山茉莉种群在0～10 m尺度上的空间格局及其随尺度的变化规律进行了研究.结果表明:1.云贵山茉莉种群在不同尺度(0～10 m)上的空间分布差异不显著,均呈随机分布;2.在0～6.5 m尺度上,云贵山茉莉种群3个龄级均匀分布特征比较明显,而在6.5～10 m尺度上则为随机分布;3.龄级1和龄级2个体在0～10 m尺度上都有显著的正关联;龄级1和龄级3个体在尺度0～2 m上呈正关联,而在2～10 m尺度上无关联;龄级2和龄级3个体在研究尺度上无关联.     

江西省交通区位演变与区域发展效应

选择江西省作为典型研究区域,采用历史分析与空间分析方法,基于长时间序列研究不同交通运输阶段交通区位的动态演变过程,并对其所引致的区域发展特征进行分析.结论是:在传统交通运输阶段向近代化及现代化交通运输阶段转变过程中,江西省宏观交通区位分别表现为国家南北交通控扼中枢,铁路建设的滞后区与周边发达地区间的交通过境区,可达性演变特征则由南北方向可达性的优势区逐步演化为滞后区.不同时期相对应的区域发展特征表现为,从传统运输阶段的区域商贸全面繁荣,走向近代工业化进程滞后及当前经济发展边缘化.在总结典型案例基础上,尝试从成因层,演变层,作用层,效应层和反馈层五个层面探讨交通区位与区域发展的内在作用关系.     

Eco-compensati on in Guanting Reservoir Watershed Based on Spatiotemporal Variations of Water Yield and Purification Services

Guanting Reservoir (GR) is one of the most important water sources for Beijing and neighboring regions. Due to water pollution, it was withdrawn from the system to supply Beijing drinking water; however, after a thorough treatment process, GR was made a reserve water source since 2007. To develop a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of water yield and purification services in the GR watershed, this study selected two time periods: the period when GR was withdrawn from the system supplying local drinking water and the period that it has been designated a reserve water source. The InVEST model was used to evaluate the quantities of water yields, and total nitrogen and total phosphorus outputs from 1995 to 2010 Additionally, the spatiotemporal variations of water yield services and water quality purification services in the GR watershed were analyzed. The results showed that water yield services in the GR watershed first weakened and then became stronger, but weakened overall during the years 1995 to 2010. Water yield capacity in the basin decreased from 1.89×109 m³ in 1995 to 1.43×109 m³ in 2010 (a drop of 24.0% in total). Water quality purification services also showed the same tendency. Total nitrogen output decreased from 4028.7 t in 1995 to 3611.4 t in 2010, while total phosphorus decreased from 379.7 t in 1995 to 354.0 t in 2010. Nitrogen and phosphorus purification services were enhanced by 10.4% and 6.8%, respectively. Changes in the climate and land use were the main factors which lead to the changes in the water yield service in the GR watershed. Policies intended to protect water resource have matched the varying trends of water quality purification services during different periods. On one hand, the research results provide a foundation to identify key fields for eco-compensation in the Guanting Reservoir basin. On another hand, the ecosystem service value will increase on the basis of eco-compensation criteria through setting the scenarios of returning farmland to forest and ecological protection. This method directly reflects increases in ecosystem service values that have occurred since measures to protect the ecological environment have been implemented. This method is more persuasive and feasible than using eco-compensation criteria based on regional ecosystem service values determined by land use/ coverage type. It can provide a new way to assess eco-compensation in the Guanting Reservoir basin and other regions.     

近十五年国内外城乡互动发展研究述评

城乡互动发展是通过资本、劳动力、物质、信息等社会经济要素在城乡空间的双向流动而 形成的一种空间关联的地域关系。在构建社会主义新农村与和谐社会的进程中, 开展城乡互动发 展的理论和实证研究, 有利于拓宽地理学的研究体系, 为新一轮的区域规划和城乡规划提供新的 研究架构; 有利于城市和乡村的共同发展和区域空间结构的整体优化。文章从内涵、内在机理和 驱动因素、模式、实现途径等方面总结了近十五年来国内外学者对城乡互动发展研究的主要成 果, 指出当前的研究大多倾向于定性化和静态层面的研究, 定量化研究和不同时空尺度的动态研 究还较为欠缺。因此, 加强城乡互动发展内在机理的系统解读、加强城乡互动发展时空演变机制 和规律的研究、深入开展我国不同类型区域城乡互动发展的模式和优化对策的研究将是该领域 亟待深入探讨的几大问题。     

高校自然地理实践教学改革探讨

从现代自然地理学综合性和应用性的特点出发,结合自然地理教学现状,分析了自然地理实践教学改革的必要性.阐述了加强实践教学应遵循的基本原则.提出了改革的主要途径,即调整课程内容,优化自然地理课程体系;创新实践教学手段和方法;营造良好的学术氛围和加强横向科研合作.