专题地图图面要素自动配置方法的研究

实现地图图面要素配置的自动化是地图制图自动化中的一个重要部分,能够帮助制图人员提高制图效率。文中在分析国内外有关研究成果的基础上,利用地图图面配置规律和视觉平衡理论,提出一种自动搜寻地图图面要素合适位置的方法。该方法从专题地图生产的实际需要出发,考虑了纸张大小和地图比例尺等因素,用矩形框表示图面要素的大小和位置,简化设计过程。最后,在CorelDRAW环境下,利用VBA技术实现文中所提出的方法。该软件提供了多种地图图面要素配置模板供地图设计人员选择,能进行地图图面要素位置的自动冲突探测,可以为地图设计人员提供一个标准化地图图面配置模板。     

SURF算法在无人机倾斜摄影测量三维建模中的应用

针对无人机倾斜摄影测量影像的特点,采用一种影像特征点自动提取匹配算法,解决影像之间的比例尺不一致、分辨率不一致等问题,实现影像的自动精确匹配,最终构建具有精确地理信息的三维模型。实验结果表明构建的三维模型满足数字城市建设的需求,可为城市基础设施建设提供一种科学可靠的依据。     

基于电子水准仪的矿区独立高程系统优化设计

矿区多采用独立高程系统,是建立时间早、长周期运行的水准控制网,期间会经历水准点严重沉降、破坏、新测量技术发展和新应用需求等的影响,需要优化设计。某矿严格按照二等水准测量规范,结合矿区及周边实际情况和道路设施变迁等,合理设计水准路线,利用高精度的SDL1X型水准仪施测,优化升级高程控制网。按照间接平差原理解算所得最弱点精度较高,全网在精度、稳定性和可靠性方面均有提升。分析可得,该优化方案切实有效。     

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE EVOLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC DURING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION

Fifty-eight extratropical transition (ET) cases in the years 2000-2008, including 2,021 observations (at 6-hour intervals), over the western North Pacific are analyzed using the cyclone phase space (CPS) method, in an effort to get the characteristics of the structure evolution and environmental conditions of tropical cyclones (TCs) during ET over this area. Cluster analysis of the CPS dataset shows that strong TCs are more likely to undergo ET. ET begins with the increment of thermal asymmetry in TCs, along with the generation and intensification of an upper-level cold core, and ends with the occurrence of a lower-level cold core. ET lasts an average duration of about 28 hours. Dynamic composite analysis of the environmental field of different clusters shows that, in general, when TCs move northward, they are gradually embedded in the westerlies and gradually transform into extratropical cyclones under the influence of the mid- and higher-latitude baroclinic systems. As for those TCs which complete ET, there is always much greater potential vorticity gradient in the northwest of them and obvious water vapor transport channels in the environment.     

PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER HEIGHT MEASURED BY A WIND PROFILER BASED ON THE WAVELET TRANSFORM

Planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) is an important input parameter for any boundary layer study or model, either climate or atmospheric. The variation of the PBLH is also of great significance to the physical processes of numerical prediction, diagnosis of weather forecasting and monitoring urban pollutants. However, effective ways to monitor the PBLH continuously are lack. Wind profilers are commonly used in monitoring PBLH continuously because of its high temporal and spatial resolution, coupled with capability of continuous detection. In this paper, the covariance wavelet transform (CWT) is used to analyze the range-corrected signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the wind profiler to determine the PBLH, which is then compared with the results measured by the gradient method and the radiosonde. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The scaling parameter a and translation parameter b of the wavelet are critical in determination of the PBLH by applying the CWT as different values may get completely different results, which requires to select appropriate values in the calculation carefully. (2) Quality control is crucial in determining the PBLH because good quality control can help remove mutation points, which makes the determined PBLH more consistent with the actual situation. (3) In clear-air, the gradient method is not applicable if the boundary layer turbulence is inhomogeneous and the impact of noise is large for that it is easy to be impacted by the mutation of SNR caused by the atmosphere turbulence instability and other factors, which will cause large errors, while the CWT method as an improvement of the gradient method can determine the PBLH quite well. (4) Through quality control, the PBLHs determined by the CWT are consistent with those of radiosonde, and the correlation coefficient between them is 0.87.     

WIND SHEAR IDENTIFICATION WITH THE RETRIEVED WIND OF DOPPLER WEATHER RADAR

Wind shear reflects that the wind field is not uniform, which is one of the primary factors which make the retrieval of the wind field difficult. Based on volume velocity process(VVP) wind field retrieval technique, the intensity of wind shear is identified in this paper. After analyzing the traditional techniques that rely on the difference of radial velocity to identify wind shear, a fixed difference among radial velocities that may cause false identification in a uniform wind field was found. Because of the non-uniformity in wind shear areas, the difference of retrieved results between surrounding analysis volumes can be used as a measurement to show how strong the wind shear is. According to the analysis of a severe convective weather process that occurred in Guangzhou, it can be found that the areas of wind shear appeared with the strength significantly larger than in other regions and the magnitude generally larger than4.5 m/(s·km). Besides, by comparing the variation of wind shear strength during the convection, it can be found that new cells will be more likely to generate when the strength is above 3.0 m/(s·km). Therefore, the analysis of strong wind shear's movement and development is helpful to forecasting severe convections.     

兰州市城市热岛效应与地表指数定量分析

针对现有兰州市城市热岛效应研究多以地面气象站的观测资料为数据源,以遥感影像为数据源较少的现状,该文利用Landsat 8影像,研究了兰州市城市热岛效应与修改后的土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI)、增强型水体指数(EWI)、土壤亮度指数(NDSI)、土壤湿度指数(NDMI)之间的关系。结果表明,兰州城市热岛效应较为严重,城市热岛效应与土壤湿度指数、增强型水体指数、土壤亮度指数呈正相关,与修改后的土壤调节植被指数呈负相关。     

山东省农村居民点转型的空间特征及其经济梯度分异

为探究农村居民点转型的空间结构及其与经济发展的关联性,以山东省为例,基于农村宅基地转型的理论假设与测度方法,运用空间关联分析方法研究农村居民点转型的空间布局和集聚特征,并以人均GDP作为特征指标划分各县级行政区的经济发展梯度,从省级全域层面和“点、线、面”特征单元综合的角度,揭示农村居民点转型与经济发展的相关性及其耦合关系。结果显示,在空间分布上,2005-2014年山东省农村居民点转型指数呈现西高东低和南高北低的态势;在全局趋势上,Moran's I指数达到0.6317,说明农村居民点转型存在显著的空间集聚现象;在局部趋势上,农村居民点转型的热点区和次热点区集中分布在鲁西黄泛平原、鲁西南淮河平原以及鲁中沂蒙山区,次冷点区分布在次热点区外围,冷点区分布在胶东丘陵地区和鲁北黄河三角洲地带;在相关性分析上,农村居民点转型与经济发展水平具有明显的数理统计相关性和空间耦合性,无论是全域层面还是特征单元,农村居民点转型均表现出从低级到高级经济梯度的递减规律、且乘幂变化趋势显著。本文探索了农村居民点转型的空间特征,弥补了土地利用转型空间性分析的不足;同时研究结果也较好地验证了前人提出的理论假设。     

民族文化资源的类型特征及成因分析——以格萨尔（果洛）文化生态保护实验区为例

由人类非物质文化遗产《格萨（斯）尔》史诗派生出的格萨尔文化是青藏高原地区独特的区域文化形态。文化资源是文化的载体和展示形式,具有价值性和不可替代性。研究格萨尔文化资源的分类、空间分布及成因对于探讨青藏高原地区人地关系,保护人类非物质遗产有非常重要的意义。果洛藏族自治州是格萨尔文化资源最为富集的区域,并于2014年被授予格萨尔文化生态保护实验区。本文首先对格萨尔文化资源进行界定和分类,并以果洛为例,探讨格萨尔文化资源的空间分布特征及与自然地理条件（高程、水源、坡度、坡向、可达性）的关系,并分析影响文化资源分布的原因,得出以下结论：① 格萨尔文化资源可以分为4大类,11个亚类和60个子类,果洛的格萨尔文化资源覆盖全部类型,共1189个;② 果洛格萨尔文化资源空间分布具有聚集性,其中A类文化人（团体）类集聚程度最高,并通过最近邻分析和密度分析对各类文化资源的集聚空间进行识别;③ 格萨尔文化资源的空间分布与自然地理条件有关,多位于海拔相对较低、距水源地较近的位置,不同类型的文化资源分布对坡度、坡向和可达性的关系不同。     

Analysis of the Spatio-temporal Changes in Acid Rain and Their Causes in China (1998-2018)

With the rapid development of the economy, acid rain has become one of the major environmental problems that endanger human health. Being the largest developing country, the environmental problems caused by acid rain are of increasing concern with the rapid industrialization and urbanization in China. Recently, many researchers have focused on acid rain. To better understand the temporal and spatial dynamics of acid rain in China, the monitoring data on acid rain from 1998 to 2018 were studied using ArcGIS 10.2. The results show that the proportion of acid rain cities, the frequency, and the area of acid rain were decreasing, however, the situation still remains serious. Overall, the chemical type of acid rain was mainly sulfuric acid rain. However, the concentration ratio of SO₄ ^2-/NO₃ ^- decreased by 81.90% in 2018 compared with 1998, and presented a decreasing trend, which indicates that the contribution of nitrate to precipitation acidity has been increasing year by year. This research will help us to understand the distribution characteristics and causes of acid rain in China, and it may provide an effective reference for the prevention and control of acid rain in China.