建成环境对北京市郊区居民工作日汽车出行的影响

郊区化导致的汽车出行增加及相关的城市环境与社会问题日益成为城市研究关注的焦点,但目前国内对建成环境与汽车出行行为的研究刚刚起步。基于GPS与活动日志相结合的居民一周活动与出行数据,利用GIS空间分析分别以居住地、工作地和活动空间作为地理背景,分析建成环境对于郊区居民汽车出行距离的影响因素。研究发现,建成环境对工作日汽车出行的影响因地理背景的选择而有不同。整日出行受到工作地和活动空间的影响,工作地与活动空间建设密度增高汽车出行减少,但是居住空间的影响不显著;通勤出行受到居住地、工作地和活动空间的影响,居住地商业密度提高和建设密度降低、工作地和活动空间建设密度提高,汽车出行减少;非工作活动出行也受到居住地、工作地和活动空间的影响,居住地、工作地和活动空间的公交密度低、工作地和活动空间建设密度高,汽车出行少。基于研究结果,本文对地理背景不确定性问题进行了探讨,提出出行行为的研究需要考虑居住地以外其他地理背景的影响,并对控制汽车使用的公共政策提出了建议。     

The influence of underwater data transmission sounds on the displacement behaviour of captive harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)

To prevent grounding of ships and collisions between ships in shallow coastal waters, an underwater data collection and communication network (ACME) using underwater sounds to encode and transmit data is currently under development. Marine mammals might be affected by ACME sounds since they may use sound of a similar frequency (around 12 kHz) for communication, orientation, and prey location. If marine mammals tend to avoid the vicinity of the acoustic transmitters, they may be kept away from ecologically important areas by ACME sounds. One marine mammal species that may be affected in the North Sea is the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina). No information is available on the effects of ACME-like sounds on harbour seals, so this study was carried out as part of an environmental impact assessment program. Nine captive harbour seals were subjected to four sound types, three of which may be used in the underwater acoustic data communication network. The effect of each sound was judged by comparing the animals' location in a pool during test periods to that during baseline periods, during which no sound was produced. Each of the four sounds could be made into a deterrent by increasing its amplitude. The seals reacted by swimming away from the sound source. The sound pressure level (SPL) at the acoustic discomfort threshold was established for each of the four sounds. The acoustic discomfort threshold is defined as the boundary between the areas that the animals generally occupied during the transmission of the sounds and the areas that they generally did not enter during transmission. The SPLs at the acoustic discomfort thresholds were similar for each of the sounds (107 dB re 1 microPa). Based on this discomfort threshold SPL, discomfort zones at sea for several source levels (130-180 dB re 1 microPa) of the sounds were calculated, using a guideline sound propagation model for shallow water. The discomfort zone is defined as the area around a sound source that harbour seals are expected to avoid. The definition of the discomfort zone is based on behavioural discomfort, and does not necessarily coincide with the physical discomfort zone. Based on these results, source levels can be selected that have an acceptable effect on harbour seals in particular areas. The discomfort zone of a communication sound depends on the sound, the source level, and the propagation characteristics of the area in which the sound system is operational. The source level of the communication system should be adapted to each area (taking into account the width of a sea arm, the local sound propagation, and the importance of an area to the affected species). The discomfort zone should not coincide with ecologically important areas (for instance resting, breeding, suckling, and feeding areas), or routes between these areas.     

新型声速剖面仪通过技术鉴定

海军海洋测绘研究所与无锡海鹰加科公司协作研制的ＨＹ12 0 0系列声速剖面仪 ,于 2 0 0 2年 8月通过海军装备部门组织的技术鉴定。声速剖面仪是一种测量声波在水中传播速度的精密水声仪器。它采用环鸣法直接测量声信号在固定距离内的传播时间得到声速 ,同时通过温度及压力传感器测量温度和垂直湿度。能快速、有效、方便地为测深仪等声纳设备校正测量误差 ,提供实时的声速剖面数据。该系列声速剖面仪有两个类型 :Ａ型为电缆式 (水深 10 0ｍ以内 ) ,可选计算机或掌上机作为水上终端 ;Ｂ型为自容式 (2 0 0ｍ ,可扩展 ) ,内装不挥发存储器 ,可存…     

"98·8"清江典型致洪暴雨分析

针对1998年8月上、中旬清江流域的典型致洪暴雨过程,就雨洪关系、环流形势、中尺度系统及数值预报产品释用等方面进行了剖析.结果表明,清江流域洪峰直接由致洪暴雨形成,而雨团总时次与暴雨过程累积面雨量紧密相关.致洪暴雨的产生与500hPa副热带高压位置,高、中、低各层中尺度环流系统及其配置和演变密切相关.几种数值预报产品对清江致洪降水面雨量都具有一定预报能力,其中尤以武汉区域中心的MAPS产品更突出一些.     

海洋荧光溶解有机物质的研究

海洋溶解有机物质参与海洋中的许多物理、化学和生物作用,对认识海洋环境中所发生的各种过程具有重要意义。作者对海洋溶解有机物中的荧光组分即荧光溶解有机物的种类、来源、分布变化及其地球化学行为进行较为系统的评述。海洋中其可能的来源包括陆源输入,浮游植物生长、代谢及分解产物,沉积物释放,降雨等。其主要的去除途径则是光化学降解。     

黔南晚石炭世叶状藻礁灰岩的成岩作用

通过偏光显微镜研究和阴极发光技术, 对黔南晚石炭世叶状藻礁灰岩的成岩作用做了详细研究, 认为礁灰岩主要成岩作用类型有: 生物黏结障积作用、泥晶化作用、胶结作用、压实压溶作用、破裂作用、重结晶作用和溶解作用等。根据岩石薄片阴极发光测试结果的观察、分析, 将成岩过程划分为4个阶段: 准同生成岩阶段、早期成岩阶段、埋藏成岩阶段和后生成岩阶段。通过各种成岩作用的标志性特征及它们在阴极发光下的特征, 推测藻礁灰岩主要经历了海底成岩环境、大气淡水成岩环境和埋藏成岩环境。     

小灵通天气彩铃的制作与市场前景

小灵通"七彩铃音业务"的天气彩铃服务越来越受到人们青睐,分析制作一条小灵通天气彩铃的4个步骤:编辑、录音、制作和上传,然后通过"气象彩铃接口"将省气象局与省电信彩铃公司连接的技术。初步介绍小灵通天气彩铃的制作过程及市场前景,分析认为小灵通天气彩铃将在未来天气预报业务中具有很大的发展前景,将成为较好经济效益的增值业务,     

贵州紫云上石炭统叶状藻礁灰岩的成岩作用

贵州紫云县猴场镇扁平村的上石炭统中的叶状藻礁及其周边灰岩中发育强烈的成岩作用和胶结物,这些胶结物在猴场研究区内是显著的和有代表性的。通过观察、分析野外露头、光片、薄片、薄片的阴极发光和染色,来研究礁体岩石的成岩作用,确定了成岩作用序列、成岩环境、成岩阶段。成岩作用类型主要有泥晶化、溶蚀、胶结、新生变形、机械压实、剪切或...     

兰州九州台黄土剖面元素地球化学研究

本文着重对兰州九州台黄土剖面上部的马兰黄土及全新世黄土3个样品及其下部的古土壤层(9层)共21个样品进行了系统的化学元素分析。结果表明,九州台黄土剖面中仅有微弱的元素分异现象;REE分布模式揭示,兰州九州台不同时代的黄土具有相同的物源区并与洛川黄土物源相似。在过去百万年时间尺度内,兰州九州台黄土形成于干旱、半干旱生物气候环境下的弱碱性介质条件和氧化环境中。     

黑龙江省环境友好型农业用地模式研究

一、环境友好型土地利用模式的内涵 （一）概念的提出 环境友好型社会这一理念是从国外引进的,经过30多年的实践和探索,国际社会普遍认识到,环境问题的实质是由于发展不足和发展不当造成的,解决环境问题必须实施可持续发展战略。为此,我国学者提出建设环境友好型社会必须坚持环境友好型资源开发利用模式,而土地资源作为一种稀有的不可再生性资源,其利用模式是否合理,直接关系到周边生态环境的优劣,环境友好型土地利用模式这一概念也就应运而生。