基于人工智能技术的热带气旋灾害评估方法研究:以广东省为例

基于历史观测资料,系统地研究了广东省热带气旋（tropical cyclone,TC）风雨及其带来的直接经济损失的空间分布特征。结果表明,粤西沿海地区受TC大风影响最为频繁,但TC经济灾损率和受灾频次在粤西和粤东较重。根据广东省TC风雨和直接经济损失的空间分布特征,将广东分为粤西、粤东、珠三角和粤北4个区域,进而利用演化建模方法建立了广东省各区域TC经济灾损率评估模型。该评估模型模拟的TC经济灾损率与实际值的相关系数达0.66以上,基于该模型对独立样本的预测检验结果与实际值的相关系数达到0.61以上（显著性水平a=0.05）。这表明,基于演化建模方法建立的广东省各区域评估模型在广东省TC灾害评估中有着潜在的应用价值。     

Characterization of atmospheric surfactants in the bulk precipitation by electrochemical tools

Characterization of atmospheric surfactants in bulk precipitations was carried out by adsorption study at the mercury electrode/solution interface using phase sensitive AC voltammetry. The structure and permeability of the adsorbed organic films at the mercury electrode was tested using the redox processes of lead and cadmium ions as electrochemical tools. The effects of organic matter from the bulk precipitations (rainwater and melted snow) were compared to those obtained for aqueous solutions of model substances: aromatic hydrocarbon (naphtalene), anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, NDBS), protein (albumine) and selected model substances suggested to be representative of water soluble organic compounds (WSOC) in atmospheric water (monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, and polyacidic compounds and levoglucosan). It was found that substances like humic acid and 3-hydroxybutanoic acid may play an important role in atmospheric heterogeneous chemistry because of their surface active potential.     

Sources of spread in simulations of Arctic sea ice loss over the twenty-first century

We show that intermodel variations in the anthropogenically-forced evolution of September sea ice extent (SSIE) in the Arctic stem mainly from two factors: the baseline climatological sea ice thickness (SIT) distribution, and the local climate feedback parameter. The roles of these two factors evolve over the course of the twenty-first century. The SIT distribution is the most important factor in current trends and those of coming decades, accounting for roughly half the intermodel variations in SSIE trends. Then, its role progressively decreases, so that around the middle of the twenty-first century the local climate feedback parameter becomes the dominant factor. Through this analysis, we identify the investments in improved simulation of Arctic climate necessary to reduce uncertainties both in projections of sea ice loss over the coming decades and in the ultimate fate of the ice pack.     

南京过去100年极端日降水量模拟研究

在南京过去100年日降水资料的基础上,利用极值理论中的区组模型和阈值模型分析了极端日降水分布特征.首先通过广义极值(GEV)模型模拟了日降水的年极值序列(AMDR),用极大似然估计(MLE)方法计算了模型的参数,并借助轮廓似然函数估计出参数的精确误差区间,同时采用4种较直观的诊断图形对模型的合理性进行全面评估,结果表明Frechet是区组模型中最适合描述极端日降水分布特征的函数.其次,将日降水序列分3种情景构建极值分布的阈值模型(GPD),考察了观测数据的规模对应用该模型的限制,重点讨论了如何针对给定观测样本选择合适的阈值收集极值信息.分析结果认为,长度不小于50年的气候序列,采用24 mm的日降水量作为临界阈值均能进行GPD分析.该阈值处于年降水序列第91个百分位附近,即对目前长度为50年左右的日观测资料,第91个百分位点以上的数据基本能满足GPD研究的需要.另外,根据GEV和GPD对未来极端降水重现水平的推断情况,GPD预测值的置信区间要比GEV的窄,极值推断的不确定性相对也较小,更适合用于研究中国目前规模不大的气候资料.最后,对GPD模型的形状参数和尺度参数进行变换,分别引入描述线性变化的动态变量,分析降水序列中潜在的变异行为对极值理论应用的影响.这种变异包括降水序列中长期的均值变化及百分位变化,从模拟结果看,暂未发现资料变异行为对极值分析产生显著于扰.     

A Study on Water Vapor Transport and Budget of Heavy Rain in Northeast China

The characteristics of moisture transport and budget of widespread heavy rain and local heavy rain events in Northeast China are studied using the NCEP--NCAR reanalysis 6-hourly and daily data and daily precipitation data of 200 stations in Northeast China from 1961--2005. The results demonstrate that during periods with widespread heavy rain in Northeast China, the Asian monsoon is very active and the monsoonal northward moisture transport is strengthened significantly. The widespread heavy rainfall obtains enhanced water vapor supply from large regions where the water vapor mainly originates from the Asian monsoon areas, which include the East Asian subtropical monsoon area, the South China Sea, and the southeast and southwest tropical monsoon regions. There are several branches of monsoonal moisture current converging on East China and its coastal areas, where they are strengthened and then continue northward into Northeast China. Thus, the enhanced northward monsoonal moisture transport is the key to the widespread heavy rain in Northeast China. In contrast, local heavy rainfall in Northeast China derives water vapor from limited areas, transported by the westerlies. Local evaporation also plays an important role in the water vapor supply and local recycling process of moisture. In short, the widespread heavy rains of Northeast China are mainly caused by water vapor advection brought by the Asian monsoon, whereas local heavy rainfall is mainly caused by the convergence of the westerly wind field.     

中国不同干湿区蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发之间关系的研究

利用降水量将中国划分为干旱、半干旱、湿润和半湿润4个区域,开展不同区域中蒸发皿蒸发和多个模式模拟的实际蒸发的集成结果对比研究,探讨和分析在不同干湿背景下蒸发皿蒸发和利用观测的气象数据驱动的陆面过程模型模拟的实际蒸发之间的关系,并对导致这种关系的原因进行了分析,表明结果:(1)实际蒸发在中国整体上表现为下降趋势,这与湿润和半湿润区的变化趋势一致,而在干旱和半干旱区,实际蒸发表现为上升的变化趋势;(2)对比不同干湿区域的结果发现,在干旱和半干旱区,蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发表现为相反的变化趋势,在半湿润和湿润区,蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发表现为相同的变化趋势,在中国整体上蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发在总体上也具有一致的变化趋势;(3)单站分析的结果表明,中国东南大部分站点蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发表现为相同的变化趋势,而在西北地区大部分站点两者之间是相反的关系,这与区域平均的结果是一致的;(4)蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发之间在各个地区存在不同的关系主要是由于不同的干湿背景下实际蒸发变化的主要制约因子不同造成的。     

基于矩形扩张的ROI区域标记算法

为了满足实时性的要求,在运动目标检测与跟踪领域引入感兴趣区域(Region of Interest,ROI)的概念,提出了基于矩形扩张的ROI区域标记算法.通过与传统算法比较发现,矩形张算法具有较高的效率和准确度.实现结果表明:矩形扩张算法能够快速准确地对二值图像中的运动目标区域进行标记,实现运动目标与复杂背景的分离,进而提高运动目标跟踪的效率.     

近45年华中地区不同级别强降水事件变化趋势

利用华中五省84个测站1961—2005年逐日降水资料,通过分位值法、趋势系数法、蒙特卡洛统计检验法、曼-肯德尔法、小波分析等现代统计诊断方法,分析了华中地区不同级别强降水的时空变化趋势、突变和周期特征。结果表明:随着分位值减小,降水量、日数的平均值和均方差逐渐减小,变差系数逐渐增大;而强度的3项指标均逐渐增大;在空间分布上,降水量自河南向湖南和江西逐渐增大;日数自北向南逐渐增大;强度以湖北东部至江西北部的长江中下游一线以及湖南西北部局部地区为高值区;区域平均的降水量、日数和强度均呈增加趋势,但不同测站表现不同;降水量一致在1993年发生突变,呈增多趋势;日数在20世纪80年代末、90年代初发生突变;强度自1994年开始增强,21世纪后加强、减弱现象交替出现;降水量、日数和强度有12~14年的年代际变化和6~9年的短期变化。     

有云环境下MODIS亮温资料的变分同化Ⅱ——对暴雨预报的影响

卫星资料提供了大量关于云和雨的观测信息,在暴雨预报中可发挥巨大的作用,然而在数值模式资料同化中的应用水平仍然不高,特别是红外辐射资料的应用。由于有云环境下辐射传输过程的模拟难度很大,因此通常只同化晴空环境下的红外辐射资料。基于GRAPES-3DVAR(Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System,全球/区域同化预报系统),根据RTTOV辐射传输模式(fast radiative transfer model for TOVS,快速辐射传输模式)的特点,增加云水含量、云冰水含量和云量作为同化系统控制变量,在改进辐射传输模式对红外资料模拟的同时,利用红外资料调整初始云参数和大气参数。针对2007年5月26日南海季风爆发后广东地区的一次暴雨过程,选取MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,中分辨成像光谱仪)传感器水汽(第27)和云顶观测(第36)通道进行了同化试验,利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model,天气研究和预报模式)进行了数值模拟,结果表明同化MODIS资料,可以改进初始场水汽和温度分布,间接调整高空风场,调整趋势符合卫星观测,对短时降水预报有正面影响。     

DZZ2型自动站监控软件数据故障分析与处理

2010年4月8日16时至9日10时,霍州市气象局自动站出现故障,监控软件无法正常显示各气象要素实时数据,通过认真分析查找原因,逐步排查故障,最终使问题得以圆满解决。本文对该次故障现象与分析处理过程进行了总结。