微处理器控制的半自动水准测量系统

半自动水准测量新原理的基本思想，就是用一个带有游标的主动式线性测量系统取代常规的水准标尺。水准仪操作员通过无线电遥控，确定标志水平视线的指标位置。游标的位置可以高精度地连续跟踪。跟踪的同时，其位置自动地被存储和修正，并发送给水准仪进行后置处理，这种新原理的要点包括：数据自动采集和记录；联机处理和监控；一等水准测量精度：快速测量处理。     

Thermodynamic Feedback between Clouds and the Ocean Surface Mixed Layer

A cloud-ocean planetary boundary layer (OPBL) feedback mechanism is presented and tested in this paper. Water vapor, evaporated from the ocean surface or transported by the large-scale air flow, often forms convective clouds under a conditionally unstable lapse rate. The variable cloud cover and rainfall may have positive and negative feedback with the ocean mixed layer temperature and salinity structure. The coupling of the simplified Kuo’s (1965) cumulus cloud model to the Kraus-Turner’s (1967) ocean mixed layer model shows the existence of this feedback mechanism. The theory also predicts the generation of low frequency oscillation in the atmosphere and oceans.     

国际地质科学联合会1989年全球地层表(用地质年代学方法和磁性地层方法标定)

地质年代(距今Ma)┌─┬───┬─────────┬─────────┬────┐│界│系 │ 统 │阶 │地质年代││ │ │I │ │(距今Ma)│└─┴───┼─────────┼─────────┼────┘ │全新统 │ │ ├─────┬───┼─────────┤ │更 ├─上┐│ │ │新 │、VG?│ │ │统 ├─终┘│ │ │ ├WG}%┐│ │ │ │V犷G││ │ │ ├──┘│ │ ┌──┐│ │ │ │ │GSSP│├─────┼───┼─────────┤ └──┘│ 上 │上 │皮亚琴阶 │ │ 新 │ │(Placen艺ian…     

在计算机辅助的矿物鉴定中应用常规的光学观测

本世纪后半叶,由于X射线衍射技术及微束仪器(如电子探针)的广泛使用,使得在矿物鉴定中光学性质的应用变得黠然失色了.然而,在有经验的矿物学家手中,光学显微镜在快速鉴定大多数常见矿物和矿物结构特征(这对岩石成因解释至关重要)方面仍不失为最有力的工具.数字图象技术的新进展不久将与光学观测相结合以便进行结构特征的定量测定和快速模式分析.在所有这些应用中,正确的矿物鉴定仍然是最关键的.借助现代计算机的功能可以增进熟练专业人员的技能,对于缺乏经验者也可以大大增加光学技术的效用.原来设想的Minident数据库和程序(Smith及Leibovitz,1986)是一种以分析数据为基础的矿物鉴定工具,这些分析数据可以是从电子探针或从配有X射线Si(Li)探头的扫描电镜     

大义山西北端硼矿床特征及其控矿因素

湖南大义山西北端的硼矿属接触交代—热液叠加型。矿体赋存于大义山花岗岩体中上石炭统壶天群白云岩接触带中,呈层状、似层状,局部为透镜状,分枝复合明显。矿石组分复杂,结构构造多样。富镁的碳酸盐岩是有利的成矿围岩;富含硼、氟的大义山花岗岩体是成矿母岩;广泛发育的节理裂隙是容矿构造。外围尚有一定的找矿远景。     

The Songpan-Garze Massif: Its Relation to the QinlingFold Belt and Yangtze Platform and Developmental History

Whether there existed the Songpan-Garze massif is a controversial problem. This paper expounds and proves that the old basement of the massif is represented by the pre-Sinian granitic rock series. This massif and the South Qinling fold belt might both be a part of the old Yangtze platform. Rifting generated by the Caledonian orogeny in the terminal Early Palaeozoic caused the massif to be disintegrated from the northwestern part of the Yangtze platform. This disintegration, however, was not thorough, and the rift troughs were later gradually closed and filled up. The Emei taphrogeny that was initiated in the Early Permian Maokou' an Stage involved a second disintegration of this massif from the Yangtze platform. The rift line largely goes along the Muli-Pingwu line. This rifting belongs to synchronous extensional rifting at peripheries of the Yangtze platform and in its interior, showing that the posterior, lateral and interior extension resulting from rapid northward shift of the Yangtze platform led t     

Highland-lowland conflict over natural resources: a case of Mae Soi,Chiang Mai,Thailand

Interviews were conducted among 150 Hmong highland and ethnic Thai lowland villagers during May-August 1992 in Chiang Mai in northern Thailand. Officials from national and international drug abuse control and development agencies were also interviewed. The aim was to determine the nature of the conflict between the highlanders and the lowlanders. The lowlanders perceived that the conflict was due to environmental causes brought on by the Hmongs' destruction of forest and pollution of the river. The Mai Soi stream that was relied on by lowlanders was viewed as threatened by drought and water reduction from forest destruction. Shinawatra researched water runoff from major rivers during seasonal changes and found reduced volume during 1970-80. Alford found no significant change in stream flow. 71% of lowlanders reported that stream flow was reduced over a 3-6 year period. 40% reported that the forests were fenced off in order to protect the forests, but 22% were forced by village headmen to do so. 32% were promised land in the allocation areas. The highlanders perceived the conflict in diverse ways. Many attributed the conflict to the murder of a lowlander cattle thief in a Hmong village in 1984. A 1983 report confirmed ethnic conflict and the killing and stealing of Hmong animals. Some highlanders and lowlanders believe the conflict arose due to one person, Ajahn Pongsak Techadhammo, who tried to create environmental awareness among all tribes and ethnic groups. He was against lowlanders' misuse of forests and wanted relocation of the hill tribes that cultivated opium. Social status differences fuel the conflict. Lowlanders consider themselves superior to hill tribes that do not speak Thai and are not Buddhists. The hill tribes create discord because of their economic success with cash crops. The authors recommend forest, soil, and water conservation among highlanders and lowlanders and broadening development to include other communities.     

World population in a grid of spherical quadrilaterals

"We report on a project that converted subnational population data to a raster of cells on the earth. We note that studies using satellites as collection devices yield results indexed by latitude and longitude. Thus it makes sense to assemble the terrestrial arrangement of people in a compatible manner. This alternative is explored here, using latitude/longitude quadrilaterals as bins for population information.... The results to date of putting world boundary coordinates together with estimates of the number of people are described. The estimated 1994 population of 219 countries, subdivided into 19,032 polygons, has been assigned to over six million five minute by five minute quadrilaterals covering the world."     

浮游植物动力学模型及其在海域富营养化研究中的应用

浮游植物动力学模型用来研究特定海域浮游植物生物量的时空分布规律，定量确定各种物理，生物过程的贡献，对解决浮游植物生物量异常增加导致的富营养化问题具有至关重要的作用，综述了国内外海洋浮游植物动力学模型研究的发展过程和现状，介绍了几种不同时空尺度浮游植物动力学模型的特点和性能，此类模型在发达国家的海域富营养化研究和环境管理中已取得了相当的进展，而我国目前虽已开展了海洋生态模型的初步研究，但面临一些困难，其中不仅需要获取特定海域的过程参数，而且急需对海域的强迫过程和边界过程加强认识。