对气液包体压碎台的评价

在加拿大瓦比贡(Wabigoon)和乌奇(Uchi)太古代绿岩带进行的实例研究证明,利用压碎台分析可以准确和重复地测定含CO_2的气液包体。这些包体可作为中温热液金-石英-碳酸盐-硫化物矿床的判断特征。单独利用该法不能区别勘查区中不同品位的矿脉,但在利用压碎分析初步确定局部变质流体的成分后,在野外可廉价、准确地鉴定采自可能含金的中温热液矿床的样品。压碎台最适用于沉积物的地球化学测量,其石英中的特征气液包体可提供比与金有关的异常宽得多的勘查靶区。在中温热液矿脉的围岩中,可迅速无误地测出含CO_2的气液包体晕。晕的延伸范围与蚀变矿物组合一致,所以,在野外露头稀少或强烈风化的地区,压碎分析可圈定供进一步详查的靶区。     

印度季风雨和南方涛动、半球气温、海温的关系(节译)

6～9月的印度季风雨和圣地亚哥站减去达尔文站的气压差、塔希蒂站减去达尔文站的气压差以及赖特的南方涛动指数之间存在着相关,并显示出除了圣地亚哥的单站气压,其它各站的单站气压偏差、南方涛动指数,都可由季风雨得到预兆。季风雨和热带东太平洋海温之间存在着1～2个的滞后负相关关系。一个多雨的季风和2-3个月后的南半球负距平温度相联结。此外,北半球的暖冬,特别是大陆的暖温,又预兆着一个多雨的季风。这种半球温度和季风雨的关系,在1947年之后是显著的。再则在季风出现前的12～2月、3～5月的达尔文站的气压变化和季风雨之间有强相关(-0.64),但这种强相关只表现在1947～1984年期间,而1947年前,这种相关又表现得很弱。     

微处理器控制的半自动水准测量系统

半自动水准测量新原理的基本思想，就是用一个带有游标的主动式线性测量系统取代常规的水准标尺。水准仪操作员通过无线电遥控，确定标志水平视线的指标位置。游标的位置可以高精度地连续跟踪。跟踪的同时，其位置自动地被存储和修正，并发送给水准仪进行后置处理，这种新原理的要点包括：数据自动采集和记录；联机处理和监控；一等水准测量精度：快速测量处理。     

Highland-lowland conflict over natural resources: a case of Mae Soi,Chiang Mai,Thailand

Interviews were conducted among 150 Hmong highland and ethnic Thai lowland villagers during May-August 1992 in Chiang Mai in northern Thailand. Officials from national and international drug abuse control and development agencies were also interviewed. The aim was to determine the nature of the conflict between the highlanders and the lowlanders. The lowlanders perceived that the conflict was due to environmental causes brought on by the Hmongs' destruction of forest and pollution of the river. The Mai Soi stream that was relied on by lowlanders was viewed as threatened by drought and water reduction from forest destruction. Shinawatra researched water runoff from major rivers during seasonal changes and found reduced volume during 1970-80. Alford found no significant change in stream flow. 71% of lowlanders reported that stream flow was reduced over a 3-6 year period. 40% reported that the forests were fenced off in order to protect the forests, but 22% were forced by village headmen to do so. 32% were promised land in the allocation areas. The highlanders perceived the conflict in diverse ways. Many attributed the conflict to the murder of a lowlander cattle thief in a Hmong village in 1984. A 1983 report confirmed ethnic conflict and the killing and stealing of Hmong animals. Some highlanders and lowlanders believe the conflict arose due to one person, Ajahn Pongsak Techadhammo, who tried to create environmental awareness among all tribes and ethnic groups. He was against lowlanders' misuse of forests and wanted relocation of the hill tribes that cultivated opium. Social status differences fuel the conflict. Lowlanders consider themselves superior to hill tribes that do not speak Thai and are not Buddhists. The hill tribes create discord because of their economic success with cash crops. The authors recommend forest, soil, and water conservation among highlanders and lowlanders and broadening development to include other communities.     

World population in a grid of spherical quadrilaterals

"We report on a project that converted subnational population data to a raster of cells on the earth. We note that studies using satellites as collection devices yield results indexed by latitude and longitude. Thus it makes sense to assemble the terrestrial arrangement of people in a compatible manner. This alternative is explored here, using latitude/longitude quadrilaterals as bins for population information.... The results to date of putting world boundary coordinates together with estimates of the number of people are described. The estimated 1994 population of 219 countries, subdivided into 19,032 polygons, has been assigned to over six million five minute by five minute quadrilaterals covering the world."     

Hdrosweep DS多波束数据的精细后处理

我们开发了一套名为“MB－SEystem”的新软件包，用来处理和显示由R／V Mau-rice Ewing船采集的Hdrosweep DS多波束数据，这套新软件所包含的工具有：模式化声速剖面；根据声速剖面，利用射线追踪，由声波传播时间计算多波束测深值；对多波速测深值的人工交互和自动编辑；以及运算和显示多波速数据的其它各种工龄，一个模块化的输入／输出库允许MB－system程序存取和运算数据，这些数据可以是任何一种刈幅成图声纳数据格式所支持的数据，它可以收以下设备采集；Hdrosweep DS、“古典式”SeaBeam、SeaBeam2000、SeaBesm2100、H-MR1、Simrad EMl2及其它声纳设备。本文提供了一个利用该软件对最近由R/V Maurice Ewing船采集的Hydrosweep数据进行处理的应用实例。     

青藏高原中东部过去2485年以来温度变化的树轮记录

通过青藏高原东北部现生活树与墓葬古木相衔接, 利用树轮宽度重建了这一地区过去2485 a以来的年均温度变化序列. 这个温度序列所揭示的气候历史表明序列中有4个时期的温度高于或接近1970~2000 AD的平均温度. 348~413 AD出现过一次快速的由寒冷到温暖的气候突变事件, 文中称之为“东晋事件”. 计算表明, 高原中东部长时间尺度温度变化不仅反映了中国中北地区, 同时也响应了北半球的温度变化. 在过去2485 a里, 中国绝大部分朝代的灭亡都与该温度序列的低温时期相对应. 此外, 与中国其他地区的温度记录相比较, 高原中东部在1950年代之后升温幅度更高一些.     

南极洲万达盐湖水中方解石饱和指数的垂直变化及其控制因素

南极洲万达盐湖为饱和方解石湖水。计算出的方解石饱和指数随水深增加而变化。在Ca²⁺及HCO₃^-活度值均一的上部氧化环境湖水中,pH及溶解氧(DO)是控制该变化的主要因素,在下部还原环境湖水中,Ca²⁺及HCO₃^-的活度对方解石的饱和指数SI的变化起主要作用。这充分揭示了湖底部近代沉积物中分布较多方解石矿物的原因。     

三峡库区抗滑桩施工质量的控制

随着举世瞩目的三峡工程的开工，三峡库区移民工作的推进，新城镇居民点的建立，库区地质灾害治理工作变得十分紧迫。三峡库区地质灾害治理工程于2002年拉开帷幕，此次为全国乃至世界上规模最大、最集中进行的地质灾害治理工程。本文主要介绍了地灾防治工程的特点、抗滑桩施工质量控制经验及地质灾害治理工程经验体会。