Turbulence in a Katabatic Flow

Turbulence measurements performed in a stable boundary layer over the sloping ice surface of the Vatnajökull in Iceland are described. The boundary layer, in which katabatic forces are stronger than the large-scale forces, has a structure that closely resembles that of a stable boundary layer overlying a flat land surface, although there are some important differences. In order to compare the two situations the set-up of the instruments on an ice cap in Iceland was reproduced on a flat grass surface at Cabauw, the Netherlands. Wind speed and temperature gradients were calculated and combined with flux measurements made with a sonic anemometer in order to obtain the local stability functions _m and _h as a function of the local stability parameter z/L. Unlike the situation at Cabauw, where _m was linear as a function of z/L, in the katabatically forced boundary layer, the dependence of _m on stability was found to be non-linear and related to the height of the wind maximum. Thermal stratification and the depth of the stable boundary layer however seem to be rather similar under these two different forcing conditions.Furthermore, measurements on the ice were used to construct the energy balance. These showed good agreement between observed melt and components contributing to the energy balance: net radiation (supplying 55% of the energy), sensible heat flux (30%) and latent heat flux (15%).Local sources and sinks in the turbulent kinetic energy budget are summed and indicate a reasonable balance in near-neutral conditions but not in more stable situations. The standard deviation of the velocity fluctuations _u, _v, and _w, can be scaled satisfactorily with the local friction velocity u_* and the standard deviation of the temperature fluctuation with the local temperature scale _*.     

The Equatorial Ring Current as a Part of a Coupled System

The equatorial ring current is the symmetrical plasmaspheric drift current of energetic plasma trapped by the geomagnetic field. Assuming that, during a geomagnetic storm, the ring can exchange energy with other regions of the magnetosphere, a second-order differential equation must be considered as its dynamical expression, and contributions other than the solely solar-wind-induced electric field must express the forced input. The decay parameters of the recovery phase of the storm must be determined considering periods with Bz(IMF) Bz(IMF) 0.     

A Survey for Hα emitting galaxies AT z ≃ 2.2

The deepest survey for H emitting galaxies at z 2.2has recently been made in narrow-band ( 1%) filters around2.1m using SOFI at the ESO NTT telescope. An effective area of 100 sq. arcmin and a comoving volume of 9000 Mpc³ (forH₀ = 50, q₀ = 0.5) has been covered to a volume weighted 3 line flux limit of 5 × 10^-17 erg s^-1cm^-2. Our survey covered the WFPC2 and STIS fields in the HubbleDeep Field South and an anonymous field about 30 deg. away. Thefaintest limit reached was 3 × 10^-17 erg s^-1 cm^-2 onthe WFPC2 field. In total, 10 convincing candidates with deduced starformation rates in the range 9 - 50 M/yr and an equal number ofmarginal ones have been identified for confirmation and follow-upspectroscopy with ISAAC at the VLT. Based on a very preliminaryanalysis we compare our results with those of earlier surveys andbriefly discuss some possible implications for the form of theevolution out to z 2 and the effects of clustering.     

成都市秋桂开花早晚的气象影响因子分析

基于成都市2004—2017年桂花物候观测与气象资料,运用相关分析法和因子分析法开展成都市秋桂花前四周气象因子研究,结果表明:①开花期与花前第1周平均最低气温、降水量呈负相关,花前1周日最低气温高,降雨充沛则利于加快秋桂开花进程。②采用因子分析法提取了温光主成分、降雨主成分,温光主成分与秋桂开花期关系最为密切,温度对秋桂开花起主导作用。③运用第1主成分与第2主成分的方差贡献率建立了花期综合评价得分模型,花前第4周(7月下旬至8月中旬)是影响秋桂开花的重要影响周期,同时是秋桂花芽分化完成的重要时期,花芽分化完成的早晚可影响秋桂开花的早晚。相关分析法和因子分析法两种方法综合运用可以更好地反映气象因子之间的相互关系,揭示气象因子对秋桂开花的影响规律,为成都市秋桂花期气象服务提供了科技支撑。     

Determining the road traffic accident hotspots using GIS-based temporal-spatial statistical analytic techniques in Hanoi,Vietnam

ABSTRACT

This study applied GIS-based statistical analytic techniques to investigate the influence of accident Severity Index (SI) on temporal-spatial patterns of accident hotspots related to the specific time intervals of day and seasons. Road Traffic Accident (RTA) data in 3 years (2015 ? 2017) in Hanoi, Vietnam were used to analyze and test this approach. Firstly, the RTA data were divided into four seasons in accordance with Hanoi’s weather conditions and the time intervals such as the daytime, nighttime, or peak hours. Then, the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) method was applied to analyze hotspots according to the time intervals and seasons. Finally, the results were presented by using the comap technique. This study considered both analyses with and without SI. The accident SI measures the seriousness of an accident. The approach method is to give higher weights to the more serious accidents, but not with the extremely high values calculated on a direct rate to the accident expenditures. The results showed that both analyses determined the relatively similar hotspots, but the rankings of some hotspots were quite different due to the integration of SI. It is better to take into account SI in determining RTA hotspots because the gained results are more precise and the rankings of hotspots are more accurate. From there, the traffic authorities can easily understand the causes behind each accident and provide reasonable solutions to solve the most dangerous hotspots in case of limited budget and resources appropriately. This is also the first study about this issue in Vietnam, so the contribution of the article will help the traffic authorities easily solve this problem not only in Hanoi but also in other cities.     

How to improve attribution of changes in drought and flood impacts

ABSTRACT

For the development of sustainable, efficient risk management strategies for the hydrological extremes of droughts and floods, it is essential to understand the temporal changes of impacts, and their respective causes and interactions. In particular, little is known about changes in vulnerability and their influence on drought and flood impacts. We present a fictitious dialogue between two experts, one in droughts and the other in floods, showing that the main obstacles to scientific advancement in this area are both a lack of data and a lack of commonly accepted approaches. The drought and flood experts “discuss” available data and methods and we suggest a complementary approach. This approach consists of collecting a large number of single or multiple paired-event case studies from catchments around the world, undertaking detailed analyses of changes in impacts and drivers, and carrying out a comparative analysis. The advantages of this approach are that it allows detailed context- and location-specific assessments based on the paired-event analyses, and reveals general, transferable conclusions based on the comparative analysis of various case studies. Additionally, it is quite flexible in terms of data and can accommodate differences between floods and droughts.     

Analysis of fluoride in rocks and an application to exploration

The fluoride^* content of rocks can be measured using a selective ion electrode. Analyses were made using a sodium hydroxide fusion and ammonium citrate buffer and measurements can be compared to standard or can be made by standard addition using the Gran's Plot method. The Gran's Plot method yields fluoride values in agreement with known values for standard rocks. Values obtained by these two methods vary sympathetically. Furthermore, whole rock fluoride values vary sympathetically with water-leachable fluoride values, which permits use of simpler, less expensive methods for field exploration purposes. Application of these procedures to an area of tin mineralization indicates that easily distinguishable anomalous fluoride values for water leach and total fluoride in rocks are associated with areas of tin mineralization.     

Boring behavior of marine blue-green algaeMastigocoleus testarum Lagerheim andKyrtuthrix dalmatica Ercegović, as a taxonomic character

Boring patterns of two marine Cyanophytes,Mastigocoleus testarum Lagerheim, andKyrtuthrix dalmatica Ercegovi?, which actively penetrate carbonate substrates, have been compared. They show significant differences: 1. The course of penetration inMastigocoleus is arched to semicircular, inKyrtuthrix it is predominantly perpendicular to the surface. 2. Each boring tunnel inMastigocoleus contains only one single trichome, inKyrtuthrix it contains a looped trichome. 3. The tunnels are circular in cross section inMastigocoleus and elongated inKyrtuthrix.     

Station Correction of the seismic station Kašperské Hory for short-periodP waves

Summary The magnitude station correction of the seismic station Kaperské Hory, related to Prhonice, was determined for the vertical component of short-period P waves.     

Pandaïte,baddeleyite and associated minerals from the Bingo niobium deposit,Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo

Pandaïte, cut by numerous veinlets of a crandallite containing Sr, Ba and RE was found during an investigation of the pyrochlore mineralization of the important niobium deposit of Bingo. The alkaline rocks of the Bingo area also contain locally a particular mineral association of baddeleyite and cassiterite in veinlets.

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Résumé De la pandaïte, recoupée par de nombreuses veinules de crandallite riche en Sr, Ba et TR, a été décelée durant une étude de la minéralisation à pyrochlore de l'important gisement de niobium de Bingo. Les roches alcalines de la région de Bingo contiennent localement une association minérale particulière constituée par de la baddeleyite et de la cassitérite en veinules.