THE GEOMETRY OF MULTIVARIATE OBJECT PREPROCESSING

The geometric properties of three common object-preprocessing transformations(constant sum,orclosure;constant length,or normalization;and maximum value,or ratioing)are investigated.Anargument is made for using absolute values in the constant sum and maximum value transformations.In general,each transformation distorts the shape and dimensionality of patterns in the data:transformed data lie on(C-l)-dimensional surfaces in the original C-dimensional space.A data set thathas been closed by one of these transformations can be reopened if a vector containing the constant sums,constant lengths or maximum values of the original objects was retained.Transformed data sets may befreely interconverted among these three transformations without the loss of information.     

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MULTIVARIATE CALIBRATION

With the goal of understanding global chemical processes,environmental chemists have some of the mostcomplex sample analysis problems.Multivariate calibration is a tool that can be applied successfully inmany situations where traditional univariate analyses cannot.The purpose of this paper is to reviewmultivariate calibration,with an emphasis being placed on the developments in recent years.The inverseand classical models are discussed briefly,with the main emphasis on the biased calibration methods.Principal component regression(PCR)and partial least squares(PLS)are discussed,along with methodsfor quantitative and qualitative validation of the calibration models.Non-linear PCR,non-linear PLSand locally weighted regression are presented as calibration methods for non-linear data.Finally,calibration techniques using a matrix of data per sample(second-order calibration)are discussed briefly.     

四川黄龙钙华的形成

作者通过现场测试、实验及室内分析,从薄膜(扩散边界层)效应及水化学的变化对黄龙钙华进行了研究,得出黄龙钙华的沉积速率为0.43～4.7mm/a,其中速率较大者出现在流速较快(边界层较薄)的部位,如边石坝上;而速率较小者则出现在流速较慢(边界层较厚)的部位,如钙华池内。      

TENSORIAL RESOLUTION:A DIRECT TRILINEAR DECOMPOSITION

Modern instrumentation in chemistry routinely generates two-dimensional(second-order)arrays of data.Considering that most analyses need to compare several samples,the analyst ends up with a three-dimensional(third-order)array which is difficult to visualize or interpret with the conventional statisticaltools.Some of these data arrays follow the so-called trilinear model,(?)These trilinear arrays of data are known to have unique factor analysis decompositions which correspondto the true physical factors that form the data,i.e.given the array (?),a unique solution can be found inmany cases for each order X,Y and Z.This is in contrast to the well-known second-order bilinear datafactor analysis,where the abstract solutions obtained are not unique and at best cannot be easilycompared with the underlying physical factors owing to a rotational ambiguity.Trilinear decompositions have had the disadvantage,however,that a non-linear optimization withmany parameters is necessary to reach a least-squares solution.This paper will introduce a method forreducing the problem to a rectangular generalized eigenvalue-eigenvector equation where the eigenbectorsare the contravariant form(pseudo-inverse)of the actual factors.It is shown that the method works wellwhen the factors are linearly independent in at least two orders(e.g.X_(jr),and Y_(jr) are full rank matrices).Finally,it is shown how trilinear decompositions relate to multicomponent calibration,curve resolutionand chemical analysis.     

MIXTURE ANALYSIS USING FACTOR ANALYSIS.Ⅱ:SELF-MODELING CURVE RESOLUTION

One of the major applications of factor analysis in the chemical literature,self-modeling curve resolution(SMCR),is covered in this review,including a historical account of the inethods derived from Lawtonand Sylvestre's original method.Papers treating the theory or applications of SMCR are included.Qualitative and quantitative applications are described where appropriate.     

金沙江河流悬浮物的元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

系统测定了金沙江和岷江16个采样点的河流悬浮物的稀土元素和微量元素含量.结果表明,金沙江悬浮物的稀土元素地球化学特征与世界其他河流基本相同,而(LREE/HREE)N值较低,其主河道悬浮物的(Eu/Eu*)N略高于北美页岩;支流悬浮物的(La/Yb)N和(Eu/Eu*)N差别较大,亦与主河道有较大差别.受流域内矿化带和采矿影响,悬浮物中Cs、Cu、Pb、Bi、Sn、Ti、V、Cu、Cr、Co相对富集.岷江悬浮物的地球化学特征与金沙江主河道相似.综合研究表明,悬浮物的元素地球化学特征主要受控于流域内出露岩性,金沙江支流、通天河(直门达)到树地桥段、攀枝花到水富段的物源有所不同,悬浮物的地球化学特征有所差异.金沙江段是长江中下游重要物质来源,对中下游物源及元素地球化学特征分析也有一定的借鉴价值.     

专题地图学的系统方法

1992年德国柏林自由大学出版了著名教授U.Freitag的论文集《Cartographic Conceptions》。我们认为其中有些论文应介绍给我国地图学界的同仁,故而与作者进行了联系,U.Freitag教授函复说:“……当然,你们可以选择并译出任何对中国读者适用的文章。”为此本刊组织翻译了其中几篇,今后将陆续刊载,以飨读者。     

玄武质火山机构火山岩的储集性能分析——来自福建漳州牛头山古火山机构的类比研究

火山岩作为特殊的油气储集岩类型,在国内外均有成功的勘探和开发实例。然而因其规模和储量相对较小,储集空间和成藏系统较为复杂,研究工作起步较晚。鉴于前人研究多依赖于钻井岩芯描述和测井数据分析,为了获得岩石孔隙和各类裂缝在古火山机构中的空间分布规律,本文对福建漳州牛头山玄武质火山岩进行了野外调查和岩石物性分析。牛头山古火山历经四期喷发,地表可见四层喷溢相玄武岩层和两处火山颈相岩石出露。喷溢相玄武质火山岩的孔隙度变化较大,从5.34%到23.73%间不等,但渗透率均较低（平均值为0.173×10-3μm2）。火山机构中节理和裂缝较为发育,除火山颈相的柱状节理、火山喷溢相的爆炸缝、冷凝节理外,熔岩/下伏地层接触热变质成因的高孔带、幔源包体裂缝和爆炸孔以及后期形成的构造裂缝、风化破碎带等均有着重要的意义,这些面型单元构成了贯通整个火山机构的空间网络,使古火山机构的储集潜力不容忽视。     

低熟烃源岩的有机岩石学描述及研究

本文利用显微光度术，对东营凹陷南斜坡沙四段低熟烃源岩有机显微组分进行了分类和定量，研究了凹陷各部位不同深度显微组分的特征、组成和分布，发现小古囊藻在本区某些层段尤其丰富，丛粒藻、盘星藻、渤海藻时有可见，全岩中矿物沥青基质与干酪根中的无定形含量呈正相关，确定了由低等水生生物来源的无定形是本区的主要生油母质之一。利用镜质体反射（Ｒｏ%）与烃类转化率关系，结合藻类热模拟实验，从有机岩石学的角度探讨了低熟烃源岩中有机质的性质、成烃及演化。     

冬瓜山层状铜矿成矿地质背景及成因

以冬瓜山层状铜矿床为例,通过成矿地质背景和矿床地质特征研究,探讨层状铜矿床成因。研究发现冬瓜山层状铜矿床是在原始矿胚层沉积基础上,经燕山期岩浆热液叠加成矿作用所形成层状铜矿床,成矿作用经历了两个成矿阶段：早阶段是由泥盆至石炭纪喷流沉积形成的块状硫化矿床,晚阶段受燕山期岩浆改造而形成的热液交代型矿床。