古亚洲构造域侵入岩时——空演化框架

长期以来,许多著名学者提出众多模型,讨论古亚洲构造域的构造演化和造山(带)结构样式。但是,认识上的分歧很大,特别是关于主洋盆的空间位置和闭合时间。本文主要基于中国侵入岩大地构造编图(1∶250万)和研究这个侧面,参与讨论。1侵入(岩)弧,碰撞和后造山岩石组合,随时间由西向东变新,同时,主构造带走向从近东西向转为近南北向,暗示古亚洲洋的闭合最终转化为太平洋构造域。2位于主洋盆北侧的是宽阔的西伯利亚克拉通南缘的沟——弧——盆系统;位于南侧的西面为南天山被动陆缘,中部为塔里木克拉通北缘的窄的沟——弧——盆系统,东面为华北克拉通北缘的活动陆缘。3主体侵入(岩)弧的内部分散地分布着从Pt3开始的残留弧和残留oφ,被看做是主体弧的基底。4传统上认为的构造相对稳定的"地块",本文基于它们的侵入(岩)组合归为残留弧,认为不是构造上相对稳定的性质,并未采用"地块"的术语,而把它们看作洋陆转换过程中早期残余岛弧处理。5提出主洋盆的识别有三个标志,(a)洋闭合最晚,(b)或为双向俯冲(当两侧均为活动大陆边缘时),或单向俯冲(当一侧为被动陆缘,另一侧为活动陆缘时),(c)长寿命的洋以及洋闭合带常常发育地中海式残余洋发育的陆——陆碰撞早阶段。6该构造域主要发育Pt3——T的侵入(岩)弧和oφ,支持S¨engor等关于大量新生陆壳的推测,亦与大量花岗岩类为εNd(t)"+"值符合。新生陆壳的形成又暗示,长时间的洋俯冲必导致地幔的冷却,以及大量榴辉岩进入地幔,最终导致高密度的地幔下降流形成,必导致洋的闭合与随后的陆——陆碰撞,形成最初的东亚大陆。     

胶北地块变质基底超镁铁岩的矿物岩石地球化学特征

胶北地块变质基底的蛇纹岩、蛇纹岩化尖晶石方辉橄榄岩、尖晶石橄榄斜方辉石岩、角闪石岩自形成以后,经历了早期的高角闪岩相和晚期绿片岩相的变质作用,因而记录了三个阶段的矿物组合:早期的Opx1+Ol1+Spl1;中期的Opx2+Ol2+Spl2+Amp2和晚期的Amp3+Srp3+Mag3+Cal组合。超镁铁岩中普遍存在的角闪石,具有粒状变晶结构特征,形成于角闪岩相和绿片岩相的变质作用过程。蛇纹石没有受到应力作用的迹象,显示其形成于晚期非挤压环境的交代变质作用过程。尖晶石橄榄岩中斜方辉石的矿物化学以及尖晶石橄榄岩的高Mg O含量都表现出克拉通橄榄岩的性质。角闪石岩的稀土元素配分图解的(La/Sm)N的比值1.11~1.41,(La/Yb)N的比值0.91~1.61,超镁铁岩多元素图解显示无高场强元素异常,都表明胶北地块变质基底的超镁铁岩形成的构造背景或是裂谷环境。尖晶石矿物的Mg#0.72~0.79、Cr#0.06~0.12表明交代变质成因。方辉橄榄岩橄榄石的Fo值88.42~90.50、超镁铁质岩石全岩主元素的分散性、较大的∑REE含量变化以及Si/Al-(Mg+Fe)/Al和Mg/Ti-Fe/Ti主元素的比值图解所表现出的超镁铁岩与角闪石岩具有成因联系等,都表明胶北变质基底的超镁铁岩可能是具有堆晶成因的一套幔源岩浆系列。高MgO含量(16%~42%)表现出前寒武纪变质基底的橄榄岩地幔性质;高水含量反映出漫长地质历史时期变质作用过程。     

AN OVERVIEW ON THE URBAN-RURAL INTERACTION IN THE PAST 50 YEARS IN CHINA

１ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＢｙｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎｕｒｂａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｓｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｒｕｒａｌａｒｅａｓｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇｉｎｔｏｕｒｂａｎａｒｅａｓｉｎｎａｔｕｒｅｆｏｒａｓｏｃｉ-ｅｔｙｉｔｉｓａｎａｔｕｒａｌｌｙｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｉｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍａｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｒｕｒａｌｏｒａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｓｏｃｉｅｔｙｔｏａｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｚｅｄｕｒｂａｎｓｏｃｉｅｔｙＧＡＯ１９９１．Ｉｎｂｒｉｅｆｉｔｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓａ…     

FINDING CAUSES OF OUTLIERS IN MULTIVARIATE ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

Multivariate outliers in environmental data sets are often caused by atypical measurement error in a singlevariable.From a quality assurance perspective it is important to identify these variables efficiently so thatcorrective actions may be performed.We demonstrate a procedure for using two multivariate tests toidentify which variable‘caused’each outlier.The procedure is tested with simulated data sets that havethe same correlation structure as selected water chemistry variables from a survey of lakes in the WesternUnited States.The success rates are evaluated for three of the variables for sample sizes of 50 and 100,significance levels of 0.01 and 0.05 and various amounts of mean shift.The procedure works best forhighly correlated variables.     

EXAMINING LARGE DATABASES:A CHEMOMETRIC APPROACH USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS

Principal component analysis is used to examine large multivariate databases.The graphical approachto exploratory data analysis is described and illustrated with a single example of chemical compositiondata obtained on environmental dust particles.While the graphical approach to exploratory data analysishas certain advantages over the numerical procedures,the empirical approach described here should beviewed as complementary to the more robust treatments that statistical methodologies afford.     

Trace element distribution during the reproductive cycle of female and male spiny and Pacific scallops, with implications for biomonitoring

Trace element concentrations and contents in gills, gonad, kidneys, mantle, muscle and remainder during the reproductive cycle of female and male spiny and Pacific scallops, from the Strait of Georgia, BC, Canada, were quantified by using ICPMS. The elements investigated were chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin and mercury. For all ten elements, the tissue distribution was to some extent influenced by species, sex and reproductive status. The implications of the present study in relation to the design of biomonitoring programmes are: (1) care should be taken to ensure an equal/constant sex composition when making interannual comparisons of pooled samples. Preferably the sexes should be monitored separately. (2) the practice of obtaining pooled samples in the interspawn phase is applicable only to monitoring long-term trends in contaminant levels, while the reproductive status should be heeded when studying short-term changes. (3) the present study confirms that direct temporal or spatial comparisons of absolute accumulated element concentrations are only valid intraspecifically.     

青藏高原纳木错西缘新元古代中期岩浆事件:对北拉萨地块起源的约束

本文报道了青藏高原北拉萨地块纳木错西缘变质辉长岩和花岗片麻岩的锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素分析结果。锆石LA-ICP-MS定年结果表明,变质辉长岩和花岗片麻岩的原岩形成时代分别为720±6Ma和732±7Ma,相当于新元古代中期。变质辉长岩为钙碱性系列,具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,与岛弧玄武岩类似。变质辉长岩中锆石具有较高的εHf(t)值(+5. 2～+9. 7),应当是源自俯冲环境下相对亏损的地幔楔。花岗片麻岩原岩为I型花岗质岩石,并且具有较为均一的锆石εHf(t)值(-3. 3～+0. 3),可能形成于地壳内古元古代变质火成岩的部分熔融作用。结合区域地质资料,变质辉长岩和花岗片麻岩的原岩应当形成于新元古代中期的洋壳俯冲消减过程。北拉萨地块上的前寒武纪岩浆和变质记录与东非造山带的活动时限较为一致,因而北拉萨地块可能与东非造山带具有亲缘性。     

青河后造山岩体成因及其对阿尔泰造山带晚古生代构造演化的启示

阿尔泰造山带位于西伯利亚板块与哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块之间,是中亚造山带重要组成部分。长期以来,阿尔泰何时结束造山一直存在争议,阻碍了对中亚造山带晚古生代构造演化的认识。中国阿尔泰造山带南缘发育早二叠世花岗岩,具有碱性或A型花岗岩特征,能够反映碰撞后伸展的构造环境。青河岩体位于阿尔泰造山带东南部,主要由二长花岗岩和少量闪长岩组成,具有研究阿尔泰造山带晚期构造演化的条件。本文以此为切入点,对青河岩体开展年代学和地球化学工作。新的测年数据表明似斑状二长花岗岩(283±3Ma)、中细粒二长花岗岩(280±2Ma)、糜棱岩化二长花岗岩(286±2Ma)和辉长闪长玢岩(269±1)均形成于早二叠世。岩体高硅(SiO_2=61. 98%～73. 35%),富碱(K_2O+Na_2O=5. 84%～8. 72%,碱度率AR=2. 12～3. 65),低钙(CaO=1. 29～3. 76%),里特曼指数σ=2. 38～2. 54,K_2O/Na_2O=0. 78～1. 06,属于高钾钙碱性岩石系列。微量元素显示Ba、Sr、P、Ti、Nb、Ta亏损,Eu明显负异常(δ_(Eu)=0. 46～0. 78),10000×Ga/Al=2. 85～2. 47,反映具有A型花岗岩特征,可作为阿尔泰碰撞造山作用结束的标志。另外,这些岩体ε_(Hf)(t)值介于+4. 04～+11. 78之间,二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))分别变化于880～694Ma、923～633Ma、875～555Ma、1030～635Ma,揭示其源区主要由新元古代幔源物质或新生地壳组成。结合区域上同时代、同构造位置富碱性(A型)花岗岩研究结果,认为青河中酸性岩体成因与地幔岩浆底侵早期下地壳有关,是新元古代玄武质物质再熔,并发生结晶分异的结果。因此,阿尔泰造山带于早二叠世(286～280Ma)已经结束了碰撞造山作用,处于伸展的构造背景。     

Study on Ship Automatic Berthing System with Mooring Lines

This study describes an automatic berthing system with mooring lines. It is designed to be berthed by using mooring device on the upper deck of a ship. It is to berth once maintaining parallel with the quay by controlling both forward and aft breast lines. Berthing method is used through length adjustment of mooring lines connected between ship and quay by controlling the angular velocity and the torque of hydraulic motor in mooring device. The study is conducted under three changing conditions of draft, such as even-keel, rise of the gravity center and trim to stern. Variables affecting berthing stability are determined based on the control performance of each condition. Bond graphs method is used to model the system. Controller is designed as PID control method of reference-model algorithm. The control program is composed of synchronous control system based on the equations derived with the numerical analysis. The tank test is conducted to verify the usefulness of the control program.     

燕山造山带燕山期构造叠加及其大地构造背景

广泛的岩浆活动和强烈的构造变形是中国东部燕山期造山作用的两个主要特征。火成岩的空间展布,特别是同构造侵入杂岩体和火山岩盆地的展布与同期变形带的走向(和构造指向)具有很强相关性。本文通过火成岩构造组合、构造形迹及岩浆-构造事件序列等的共同约束,讨论华北地区燕山板内造山带造山过程中的构造叠加、构造应力场转换及其形成的大地构造背景。研究认为,燕山地区发育的“花边状”的褶皱和被褶皱的逆冲推覆带等,是多幕挤压变形叠加的记录。早侏罗世晚期(J31 )、中侏罗世晚期(J32 )、晚侏罗世中期(J23 )、晚侏罗世晚期(J33 )和早白垩世早期(K11 )5期不同方向展布的火成岩对应方向不同的收缩构造,提出早白垩世早期(K11 )本区可能存在区域北西向挤压构造及该期华北地区总体仍处于收缩构造环境的认识。华北燕山造山带是在蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造带,上扬(斯克)—楚科奇(斯克) (Verkhoyano-Chukotsk)造山带,伊泽奈崎(Izanagi)洋俯冲带和特提斯洋俯冲带4个边界会聚大背景中形成和演化的。