EFFECTIVE DISCHARGE CALCULATION GUIDE

1 mTRonvcnox: moareS Aun CoxcmSAJluvial rivers have the pOtenhal to adjust their shaPe and dimensions to all flows that tranSPOrtsediment, but Inglis (l94l) suggested that, for rivers that are in regime, a single steady flow could beidenhfied which would Produce the same bankfll dimensions as the natural sequence of events. Hereferrd to this now as the dondnan discharge.Wolman and Mller (l960) idenhfied that the flow doing most bed material transPort over a period ofyears may be taken tO…     

Comparison of Transient Network Brightenings and Explosive Events in the Solar Transition Region

I analyze the properties of the pulsed emission from the accreting millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658 in observations of its 1998 April outburst by the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer. Pulse phase spectroscopy shows that the emission evolves from a hard spectrum (power law with photon index of 2.39+/-0.06) to a soft spectrum (index of 3.39+/-0.24). This softening is also observable as a phase lag in the fundamental of low-energy photons with respect to high-energy photons. I show that this lag is roughly constant over 10 days of the outburst. I fit these data with a model in which the pulse emission is from a hot spot on the rotating neutron star and the flux as a function of phase is determined in a calculation which includes the effects of general relativity. The energy-dependent lags are very well described by this model. The harder spectra at earlier phases (i.e., as the spot approaches) are the result of larger Doppler-boosting factors that are important for this fast pulsar. Since this model is sensitive to the equatorial speed as an independent parameter and since the spin frequency is known, this offers us a new means of measuring the neutron star radius, which is notoriously difficult to determine.     

华北克拉通中部阜平杂岩的演化及其构造属性:来自湾子表壳岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素证据

出露于华北克拉通中部带太行山区的阜平杂岩经历了角闪岩相至麻粒岩相变质作用,传统上视为古老的太古宙地层,其形成历史和演化对正确理解华北克拉通前寒武地质有着十分重要的意义.     

Expression of heat shock protein 70 in a permanent cell line (EPC) exposed to sediment extracts from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

Heat shock proteins 70 (hsp70) are known to be induced by a great variety of chemical stressors. The effects of different environmental contaminants, which were identified in sediments of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea as main contaminants or as contaminants of special toxicological interest, on the extent of expression of hsp70 in a permanent cell line Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) were investigated. Concentrations of the single contaminants leading to elevated hsp70 levels were compared to the respective concentrations of these contaminants encountered in the sediment extracts thus allowing an assessment of their contribution to the toxicity of these sediments. Analysis of hsp70 was performed using western blotting techniques with subsequent comparative quantification by densitometry. Eleven of thirteen contaminants have shown a dose-dependent increase in hsp70 levels. An expression of hsp70 was observed in most cases between 0.1 and 10 microg/mL test solution. Some of the investigated stressors led to extremely high hsp70 contents even at low concentrations. However, in most cases contaminant concentrations in sediments were too low to cause an effect. For this reason, effects of the tested sediments are attributed to other contaminants or rather to mixtures of stressors.     

贺兰山高压泥质麻粒岩——华北克拉通西部陆块拼合的岩石学证据

贺兰山孔兹岩系作为华北克拉通西部孔兹岩带的重要组成部分,其成因问题一直存在争议。近来,在对贺兰山富铝岩系研究过程中,发现了具有"蓝晶石+条纹长石+石榴石"特征组合的高压泥质麻粒岩。通过岩相观测与相平衡定量模拟,确定其曾经历四个阶段的变质演化过程,即早期进变质阶段(M1)、变质峰期阶段(M2)、峰期后降压阶段(M3)和晚期退变阶段(M4)。早期进变质阶段,以石榴石中包裹黑云母和白云母为特征。变质峰期阶段,以出现"蓝晶石+条纹长石+石榴石"组合为特征,变质温、压条件为850～870℃、1.4～1.5GPa。峰期后降压阶段以峰期石榴石和蓝晶石转变为堇青石和夕线石为特征,温压条件大致为840～860℃、0.6～0.8GPa。晚期退变阶段以出现新生黑云母为标志,温、压条件为780～810℃、0.45～0.55GPa。PT轨迹具有顺时针演化样式,峰期后表现为先发生近等温降压(ITD)、后发生近等压冷却(IBC)的退变过程,反映陆-陆碰撞发生高压麻粒岩相变质作用,后又快速折返到正常地壳深度的变质动力学过程,进而从岩石学角度证明华北克拉通西部孔兹岩带是由北部的阴山陆块与南部的鄂尔多斯陆块发生碰撞所致。     

TTG岩套的成因及其形成环境

TTG岩套是一类包含了三种岩性的岩石组合,即英云闪长岩(tonalite)—奥长花岗岩(trondhjemite)—花岗闪长岩(granodiorite)。TTG岩套的规模在太古宙最大,是早期陆壳的主体且在各地质历史时期均有发育。该岩石组合是岩石学定名,多数样品的地球化学特征相似:富Na,高Al2O3(平均15%),低Mg、Ni、Cr,富集LREE、亏损HREE、高Sr、低Y、低Yb且无明显的负Eu异常。其微量元素特征与Adakite(高锶低钇中酸性岩,"埃达克岩")类似。目前多数学者认同其为变玄武质岩石部分熔融后的熔体,主要争论在于其源岩的变质程度。笔者认为TTG岩套的源区不应局限于某个变质相,而是涵盖了较大的P—T范围。对于其形成环境的探讨,笔者认为应该以地球演化不同时期的地球动力学背景为前提,盲目地"将今论古"是不合理的。本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上提出3.8Ga之前的TTG岩套可能是在板块构造未启动的非俯冲条件下形成的;3.8~1.9Ga的TTG岩套产生在发育俯冲式板块构造且板块构造具有间歇式特点的背景下,此时可能既存在非俯冲环境下产出的TTG岩套也存在俯冲环境下产出的TTG岩套,而且其产出应该具有幕式特征;古元古代之后的TTG岩套可能无一例外均是俯冲板片熔融的产物。     

RESOLUTION OF MULTICOMPONENT FLUORESCENT MIXTURES BY ANALYSIS OF THE EXCITATION-EMISSION-FREQUENCY ARRAY

Fluorescence lifetime provides a third independent dimension of information for the resolution of totalluminescence spectra of multicomponent mixtures.The incorporation of this parameter into theexcitation-emission matrix(EEM)by the phase modulation technique results in a three-dimensionalexcitation-emission-frequency array (EEFA).Multicomponent analysis based on the three-dimensionalEEFA brings a qualitative change for the resolved spectra,i.e.individual spectra can be uniquely resolved,which is impossible with any two-dimensional analysis.In this paper we present a method for analyzingthe EEFA.We show mathematically that with the three-dimensional analysis of the EEFA individualspectra and lifetimes can be obtained.Our algorithm is developed in mathematical detail and isdemonstrated by its application to a two-component mixture.