Effects of persistent organic pollutants on the thyroid function of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from the Aegean sea, is it an endocrine disruption?

We evaluated the alterations of organochlorinated compounds such as polychlorobiphenyls (PCB), dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) on the thyroid in wild and cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) at environmental concentrations. These compounds influence the endocrine system of many fish species and are qualified as endocrine disruptors. The thyroid seems to be a target organ. Two alteration endpoints: the thyroid histology and the muscular thyroid hormone concentrations, were used simultaneously.High concentrations in PCBs and DDT were detected in muscles, supporting the idea that the Mediterranean fauna could be more polluted than the Atlantic fauna. The high abundance of DDE indicates a progressive degradation of remnant DDT load and the absence of new inputs in this area. Aquaculture sea bass shows a significant higher amount of pollutants on fresh weight basis (especially PCBs) in their muscles compared to the wild sea bass. Those differences may be related mainly to the contaminations of diet.Thyroid parameters vary between wild and aquaculture sea bass, wild sea bass were characterized by higher follicle diameters, epithelial cell heights and muscular T₄ concentrations. A significant relationship between persistent organic pollutants (muscular PCBs and DDT concentration) and the different thyroid parameters (diameters of follicles, epithelial cell heights and muscular T₄ levels) could be observed, which support the hypothesis that these compounds have an adverse impact on thyroid morphometry and function.     

北京石景山工业区附近一个污染土壤剖面的磁学研究

对北京西郊石景山工业区附近的土壤剖面进行环境磁学研究,结合粒度、金属元素分析、磁学指标测试和多元统计分析,发现磁参数(χ,ARM,SIRM)与重金属元素(Mn,Cu,Fe,Pb,Zn,Al,Sr)含量呈同步垂向变化趋势.来源于工业区附近工业生产排放(钢铁厂、发电厂、水泥厂)的污染物是土壤剖面上部(0～3 cm)磁性和金属含量增强的主要原因,由富集在细粉砂和中粉砂的多畴磁铁矿主导了样品的磁性特征.3～10 cm重金属含量逐渐下降,土壤的磁性特征与上层相似,但磁性矿物含量降低,属于剖面中的迁移过渡阶段.10 cm以下,土壤基本未受到污染,磁性矿物和重金属含量都低,磁性颗粒大小变化稳定,基本代表了该地区土壤的自然背景.指标聚类和相关分析表明,土壤磁参数与重金属元素含量显著相关.结合模糊聚类分析,磁参数可用于追踪、识别工业污染物质在土壤剖面中的富集、迁移状态,揭示不同深度土壤的污染程度.     

WOODY VEGETATION AND DEBRIS FOR IN-CHANNEL SEDIMENT CONTROL

lINTRODUCTlONChanne1erosionandsedimentationareoftenproblemsinagriculturalwatersheds.Forexample,annualsuspendedsedimentyieldfrom8mixedcoverwatershedswithloessialsoilsinnorthwesternMississippi,U.S.A.ranginginsizetYom2lto622km2wasbetween7O4and1673tonnes(Shieldsetal.l995).ControlofchannelbankerosionintheU.S.hastraditionaIlybeenaddressedwithstructurescostingontheorderof$l5Om-1ofbankline.BecauseoftheecologicaIvalueandoftenlowercost(relativetononlivingstructure)ofvegetativetreatments,weargue…     

BLOCK ROTATIONS AT THE NORTHERN EDGE OF INDIA (SPITI,N-INDIA) AND THEIR CONTINUATION TO THE EAST (MALARI, N-INDIA)-REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE TETHYAN HIMALAYAS

BLOCK ROTATIONS AT THE NORTHERN EDGE OF INDIA (SPITI,N-INDIA) AND THEIR CONTINUATION TO THE EAST (MALARI, N-INDIA)-REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE TETHYAN HIMALAYAS1　AppelE ,MuellerR ,WidderRW .GeophysJInt ,1991,10 4:2 5 5～ 2 6 6 . 2　AppelE ,PatzeltA ,ChoukerC .GeophysJInt ,1995 ,12 2 :2 2 7～ 2 42 . 3　BagatiTN .J .Himal.Geol,1990 ,(1) :35～ 47. 4　BesseJ ,CourtillotV .JGeop…     

In.uence of particle composition on thorium scavenging in the marginal China seas

Thorium-234 and particle composition (organic matter, biogenic silica, carbonate and lithogenic component) were examined in the East China Sea (ECS) and the northern South China Sea (NSCS) in order to constrain the particle types scavenging thorium isotopes. Good positive correlations between particulate organic matter (POM) or carbonate and thorium-234 in suspended particulate matter (SPM) indicates that POM and carbonate are e.cient to scavenge thorium-234. No relationship between biogenic silica and thorium-234 suggests that geochemical behavior of thorium-234 may be not in.uenced by biogenic silica. A simple model was used to evaluate the a.nity of thorium-234 to di.erent particle components. The results show that POM is the most e.cient scavenger for thorium-234 in the ECS and the NSCS, followed by carbonate. The authors’ results lend support to the utility of thorium-234 as a proxy of POC and carbonate in the upper layer. However, the strong dependence of thorium scavenging on particle composition challenges thorium-230 as a constant .ux proxy.     

Effects of nanoparticles in Mytilus edulis gills and hepatopancreas - a new threat to marine life?

Every day new extraordinary properties of nanoparticles (a billionth of a meter) are discovered and worldwide millions are invested into nanotechnology and nanomaterials. Risks to marine organisms are still not fully understood and biomarkers to detect health effects are not implemented, yet. We used the filter feeding blue mussel as a model to analyse uptake and effects of nanoparticles from glass wool, a new absorbent material suggested for use in floating oil spill barriers. In both, gills and hepatopancreas we analysed uptake of nanomaterials by transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) in unstained ultrathin sections over a period of up to 16 days. Lysosomal stability and lipofuscin content as general indicators of cellular pathology and oxidative stress were also measured. As portals of uptake, diffusion and endocytosis were identified resulting in nanoparticle accumulation in endocytotic vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria and nuclei. Dramatic decrease of lysosomal membrane stability occurred after 12h of exposure. Lysosomal damage was followed by excessive lipofuscin accumulation indicative of severe oxidative stress. Increased phagocytosis by granulocytes, autophagy and finally apoptosis of epithelial cells of gills and primary and secondary digestive tubules epithelial cells indicated progressive cell death. These pathological responses are regarded as general indices of toxic cell injury and oxidative stress. By the combinational use of biomakers with the ultrastructural localisation of nanoparticle deposition, final evidence of cause-effect relationships is delivered.     

Peculiar Temporal Structure of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon

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GSTARS computer models and their applications, part I： theoretical development

GSTARS is a series of computer models developed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for alluvial river and reservoir sedimentation studies while the authors were employed by that agency. The first version of GSTARS was released in 1986 using Fortran IV for mainframe computers. GSTARS 2.0 was released in 1998 for personal computer application with most of the code in the original GSTARS revised, improved, and expanded using Fortran IV/77. GSTARS 2.1 is an improved and revised GSTARS 2.0 with graphical user interface. The unique features of all GSTARS models are the conjunctive use of the stream tube concept and of the minimum stream power theory. The application of minimum stream power theory allows the determination of optimum channel geometry with variable channel width and cross-sectional shape. The use of the stream tube concept enables the simulation of river hydraulics using one-dimensional numerical solutions to obtain a semi-two- dimensional presentation of the hydraulic conditions along and across an alluvial channel. According to the stream tube concept, no water or sediment particles can cross the walls of stream tubes, which is valid for many natural rivers. At and near sharp bends, however, sediment particles may cross the boundaries of stream tubes. GSTARS3, based on FORTRAN 90/95, addresses this phenomenon and further expands the capabilities of GSTARS 2.1 for cohesive and non-cohesive sediment transport in rivers and reservoirs. This paper presents the concepts, methods, and techniques used to develop the GSTARS series of computer models, especially GSTARS3.     

美国国家现代地震监测系统(ANSS)——现状、发展机遇和战略规划(2017～2027)

在美国,超过1.43亿人面临地震风险威胁。如果社会公众能够理解其面临的风险,并采取积极防御措施,地震影响就能显著减小。美国国家现代地震监测系统(ANSS)通过协作对地震与大地测量数据进行汇集与分析,及时发布地震发生及其影响的可靠信息,为地震研究及危险性与风险评估提供数据,这是建立地震韧性国家的重要基础。作为对ANSS的投资成果,现在对于发生在美国或世界上任何其他地区的任何显著地震事件都能够用一套产品来快速表征,在地震危机来临之际为人们提供态势感知。ANSS监测工作服务于科学研究和地震工程需求,这包括改进人们对建构筑物地震响应的理解。作为参与美国国家地震减灾计划(NEHRP)的四个联邦机构之一,美国地质调查局(USGS)为ANSS提供了管理与财政支持。2000年,美国国会颁布《国家地震减灾计划》再授权法案[公法第106-503号(Public Law 106-503)]时,作为该计划的一项支撑设施,创立了ANSS。ANSS是美国联邦政府、州政府和学术界的合作。由于认识到地震灾害危险性与风险的地区差异性,所以ANSS管理结构强调区域执行与国家集成。其允许与其他联邦和州政府机构以及与关注地震监测的地球科学界和工程界协作。ANSS推动地方、区域和国家层面各机构间建立合作伙伴关系,共同致力于减轻地震灾害损失。这些合作关系对于ANSS在全国范围内的协调、在区域范围内的规划与执行,以及争取地方支持都是有必要的。许多承办学术机构、部分州政府机构、其他联邦机构、私人基金会和科学组织为ANSS的成长和(或)运行提供了支持。建设ANSS的需求最初在美国地质调查局(U.S.Geological Survey,1999)题为《美国地震监测评估——国家现代地震监测系统的需求》的出版物中率先提出。这些需求包括加强国内各监测台网间协调、开发新的地震信息产品,以及在全国范围内扩建监测基础设施。2000年以来,ANSS强化了基础设施建设与伙伴关系建立,并开发了新的地震信息产品与服务。虽然现有资助尚未达到ANSS的预期计划,但其1999年所设定的在野外及建筑物、桥梁和其他构筑物中安装7 100个现代化地震观测站点的总体建设目标,截止2016年年底,已经完成了42%。ANSS产品的及时性与有效性提升了政府机构、应急响应人员、公众及工程界与科学界对ANSS能力的期望值。作为ANSS的投资成果,地震信息服务发生了革命性的变化。ANSS的品牌服务包括:向政府和应急管理人员提供即时地震通知,通过地震通知服务系统以电子邮件或文本形式提供快速通知、震源特征产品、提供实时地震信息的ANSS网站、一套实时态势感知产品(地震动图ShakeMap、地震动图发布系统ShakeCast、全球地震响应即时评估系统PAGER、"你有感么?"DYFI)、ANSS综合地震目录ComCat,以及由工程强地面运动数据中心(CESMD)为工程师提供的产品。在未来10年中,为了满足预期,ANSS必须在聚焦提升基础服务稳定性的同时确保获得不断创新的能力。ANSS具备在全国范围内进一步提升地震安全性并开展震后响应与处置的能力。本报告描述了一系列特定的发展机遇,并形成了ANSS未来10年的重点工作,包括使ANSS确保地震危机时有备无患,加强城市地区地震安全性,拓展降低地震风险的观测数据获取能力。把握机遇、实现目标,额外的资助也是十分有必要的。创立伊始,ANSS被视为创新与风险并存。如今已证明,尽管只得到了部分资助,ANSS却是成功的。我们的国家在快速发展,国家的结构体系日趋庞大和复杂,如果耽于成就,接受现状,我们将会面临更多的地震风险。ANSS要充分发挥其在减轻地震灾害损失方面的潜力,就必须不断前行——引发地震的构造力是无情的,它们将永不停息,我们减轻国家地震灾害的努力也将永不停息。     

胶东蓬家夼金矿区钾玄质煌斑岩的元素地球化学研究

胶东蓬家夼金矿区钾玄质煌斑岩的元素地球化学研究表明,其成分上具有高碱富钾,高铝低钛,大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素强烈富集及相容元素（Ｃｒ,Ｃｏ,Ｎｉ）明显亏损等特点,钾玄质岩浆是由富集地幔通过批式部分熔融作用产生的,而且其原始岩浆在上升和侵位过程中存在橄榄石和辉石等矿物相分离结晶,并伴有陆壳物质的混染,本区煌斑岩具有与陆弧有关的钾质火成岩类似的地球化学特征,可能与燕山期伊泽奈崎洋向中国东部大陆下的俯