ZARA跨国品牌升级 ——空间发展史视角

全球化使品牌与地方之间的联系日益密切。西方国家的快时尚品牌实行全球同价、全球同款和标准化的经营模式,被认为具有消极的品牌形象,然而却在异源文化背景的中国实现品牌升级。以ZARA为例,从时间和空间2个维度出发,描述其品牌空间发展史,分析品牌源地、空间发展、店铺选址等参与快时尚品牌的文化生产过程。结论如下：1）快时尚品牌与全球时尚城市建立积极联系,将全球时尚城市想象写入品牌发展史中,品牌空间发展史比品牌源地对品牌形象的影响更大;2）ZARA与全球时尚城市互动成功塑造全球时尚品牌形象,“全球”品牌头衔对于中国本土向往全球化的消费者来说具有很强的吸引力,对于其跨国升级有积极影响;3）ZARA在中国大陆的品牌空间发展依然延续“下沉式”模式,利用上海、北京、深圳、广州等地在全国时尚产业中的引领地位影响二级城市消费者的品牌选择,实现其跨国品牌升级;4）专卖店选址于高端消费街区,在跨国过程中重新定位于中高端消费群体,使得ZARA实现跨国品牌升级。     

用MODIS遥感资料分析四川盆地气溶胶光学厚度时空分布特征

利用MODIS卫星遥感光学厚度产品，分析了四川盆地光学厚度分布和季节变化特征。由于受沙尘天气的影响，春季四川盆地具有最大的平均光学厚度。盆地内几个大值区中，西部成都一带的中心常年维持，季节变化小；南部中心位于宜宾到重庆沿长江流域一带；东部南充到重庆间的大值中心，季节变化大，在夏季消失。光学厚度分布和季节变化的数据结果为研究区域气候变化提供了依据。     

两个冰期-间冰期旋回的黄土记录及其古气候意义

北京邻区枣沟、斋堂和赤峰黄土－古土壤剖面粒度和磁化率变化在幅度和相位上都有明显的差异。在两个冰期－间冰期旋回，磁化率记录具有冰量变化模式，而粒度记录具有轨道周期特点，粒度和磁化率之间的相位关系在从冰期向间冰期转换和冰期向间冰期过渡的过程中，既有滞后也有超前的表现，很难单纯以成土作用来解释。由于黄土粒度主要反映粉尘源区环境和古风场强度的变化，而磁化率主要记录的是沉积区的成壤作用，反映夏季风的强度变化，因此剖面粒度和磁化率变化的不协调说明古风场和粉尘源区变化与粉尘沉积区气候变化之间不统一。这可能意味着控制夏季风强度变化和控制冬季风强度变化的机制存在差异。     

Hypothesis testing methods to detect spoofing attacks: a test against the TEXBAT datasets

GPS Solutions - The hazardous effects of spoofing attacks on the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver are well known. Technologies and algorithms to increase the awareness of GNSS...     

On the optimal risk based design of highway drainage structures

For a proposed highway bridge or culvert, the total cost to the public during its expected service life includes capital investment on the structures, regular operation and maintenance costs, and various flood related costs. The flood related damage costs include items such as replacement and repair costs of the highway bridge or culvert, flood plain property damage costs, users costs from traffic interruptions and detours, and others. As the design discharge increases, the required capital investment increases but the corresponding flood related damage costs decrease. Hydraulic design of a bridge or culvert using a riskbased approach is to choose among the alternatives the one associated with the least total expected cost.In this paper, the risk-based design procedure is applied to pipe culvert design. The effect of the hydrologic uncertainties such as sample size and type of flood distribution model on the optimal culvert design parameters including design return period and total expected cost are examined in this paper.     

A note on the statistics of threshold crossing for a nonlinear wave field

Based on the non-Gaussian joint elevation and slope density function developed by Huang et al. (1984), the expected number of threshold crossing at an arbitrary level for a nonlinear wave field is derived. The distribution of the expected threshold crossing per unit time as a function of the crossing level is skewed with respect to the mean water level. This skewness also causes the mean zero crossing per unit time to deviate from the expected frequency of the wave field.     

Criteria for initiation of motion of rigid bodies to base excitation

It is known that when an unanchored rigid body is placed on a horizontal base which oscillates horizontally, it may undergo one of four modes of motion: rest, slide, slide–rock and rock. Initiation of a rigid body into these modes depends on the slenderness ratio of the body, the coefficient of friction between the body and the base and the acceleration of the base. In this study, the coefficient of friction and the base acceleration are considered random. For specific probability distributions of the coefficient of friction and the peak base acceleration, and for various values of the mean and standard deviation of the two random variables, the probabilities of occurrence of these modes of motion are obtained for a body of given slenderness ratio. It is shown that randomness of the coefficient of friction and base peak acceleration should not be ignored. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improvement of a drainage system for flood management with assessment of the potential effects of climate change

Abstract

Runoff discharge in the Tuku lowlands, Taiwan, has increased with land development. Frequent floods caused by extreme weather conditions have resulted in considerable economic and social losses in recent years. Currently, numerous infrastructures have been built in the lowland areas that are prone to inundation; the measures and solutions for flood mitigation focus mainly on engineering aspects. Public participation in the development of principles for future flood management has helped both stakeholders and engineers. An integrated drainage–inundation model, combining a drainage flow model with a two-dimensional overland-flow inundation model is used to evaluate the flood management approaches with damage loss estimation. The proposed approaches include increasing drainage capacity, using fishponds as retention ponds, constructing pumping stations, and building flood diversion culverts. To assess the effects on the drainage system of projected increase of rainfall due to climate change, for each approach simulations were performed to obtain potential inundation extent and depth in terms of damage losses. The results demonstrate the importance of assessing the impacts of climate change for implementing appropriate flood management approaches.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Chang, H.-K., Tan, Y.-C., Lai, J.-S., Pan, T.-Y., Liu, T.-M., and Tung, C.-P., 2013. Improvement of a drainage system for flood management with assessment of the potential effects of climate change. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (8), 1581–1597.     

Statistical analysis of tropical disturbances over the South China Sea during 1997�C2006

Tropical disturbances over the South China Sea (SCS) during the period of 1997-2006 are analyzed using the Tropical Storm and Hurricane WX products. A total of 158 tropical disturbances were formed over the SCS from 1997 to 2006, with 54 de-veloping tropical disturbances which developed into tropical depressions and 104 non-developing tropical disturbances which never developed into tropical depressions. The development rate of tropical disturbances into tropical depressions was 34.18% in these ten years. During the period of this study, total annual numbers of tropical disturbances and developing tropical disturbances over the SCS had significant decreasing trends; however, the development rate of tropical disturbances had an insignificant increasing trend.     

Influence of wave-current interactions on fluid force

Influence of wave-current interactions on fluid force on a single cylinder and on two cylinders in tandem is examined. Quantities obtained are spectra of fluid force on elements, total fluid force and its statical moment. Comparisons are made of the cases in which wave-current interactions are considered and ignored. It is shown that interactions affect spectra of element force and statical moment more than do total force spectrum. For two cylinders in tandem, for cylinder spacings, current conditions and frequency range of practical interest, the effect of interactions is slightly reduced.