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81.
82.
The island of Tobago is only about 40 km in length and to the geologist is a demonstration of the old saying that good things come in small packages. Situated in the southeast corner of the Caribbean Plate, it is the eastern extremity of the Caribbean Mountain System of northern South America, and is divided into three geologic provinces, one metamorphic, one igneous and one sedimentary. 相似文献
83.
Mike Walker Sigfus Johnsen Sune Olander Rasmussen Trevor Popp Jørgen‐Peder Steffensen Phil Gibbard Wim Hoek John Lowe John Andrews Svante Björck Les C. Cwynar Konrad Hughen Peter Kershaw Bernd Kromer Thomas Litt David J. Lowe Takeshi Nakagawa Rewi Newnham Jakob Schwander 《第四纪科学杂志》2009,24(1):3-17
The Greenland ice core from NorthGRIP (NGRIP) contains a proxy climate record across the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary of unprecedented clarity and resolution. Analysis of an array of physical and chemical parameters within the ice enables the base of the Holocene, as reflected in the first signs of climatic warming at the end of the Younger Dryas/Greenland Stadial 1 cold phase, to be located with a high degree of precision. This climatic event is most clearly reflected in an abrupt shift in deuterium excess values, accompanied by more gradual changes in δ18O, dust concentration, a range of chemical species, and annual layer thickness. A timescale based on multi‐parameter annual layer counting provides an age of 11 700 calendar yr b2 k (before AD 2000) for the base of the Holocene, with a maximum counting error of 99 yr. A proposal that an archived core from this unique sequence should constitute the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) has been ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences. Five auxiliary stratotypes for the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary have also been recognised. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
84.
Catherine S. E. Bale Trevor Ingham Roisin Commane Dwayne E. Heard William J. Bloss 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,60(1):51-70
A field instrument has been developed for the purpose of measuring gas-phase atmospheric iodine species in the marine boundary
layer. Vacuum UV resonance-fluorescence (RF), generated using a microwave discharge lamp, is employed to detect atomic iodine
via the (5p46s)–(5p5) transitions around 178–184 nm. The system can be operated in two modes; either to directly measure ambient iodine atoms,
or to measure the total photolabile iodine loading of ambient air, through broadband visible photolysis of photolabile iodine-containing
species, with subsequent RF detection of the iodine atoms released. In both cases the instrument allows for the in situ measurement
of the species detected, which is advantageous for gathering information concerning their local sources and distribution.
The instrument is calibrated through generation of a known concentration of iodine atoms from the photolysis of I2 using a mercury pen-ray lamp. The instrument was deployed for the first time in August 2007 at Mace Head on the west coast
of Ireland; initial results from this field trial are presented. Ambient iodine atoms were measured at levels up to 22 ± 4.8 ppt
during the day, coinciding with the lowest tides, when Laminaria seaweed beds were exposed. The total photolabile iodine loading was also measured during several night-time and day-time
periods and was found to correlate inversely with tidal height. Inferred I2 concentrations based on these measurements indicate levels of several hundred ppt at the Mace Head site. These measurements
represent the first direct observations of ambient iodine atoms and measurement of total photolabile iodine in the atmosphere. 相似文献
85.
86.
A. Zalucha A. Fitzsimmons J.L. Elliot J. Thomas-Osip H.B. Hammel V.S. Dhillon T.R. Marsh F.W. Taylor P.G.J. Irwin 《Icarus》2007,192(2):503-518
We observed a stellar occultation by Titan on 2003 November 14 from La Palma Observatory using ULTRACAM with three Sloan filters: u′, g′, and i′ (358, 487, and 758 nm, respectively). The occultation probed latitudes 2° S and 1° N during immersion and emersion, respectively. A prominent central flash was present in only the i′ filter, indicating wavelength-dependent atmospheric extinction. We inverted the light curves to obtain six lower-limit temperature profiles between 335 and 485 km (0.04 and 0.003 mb) altitude. The i′ profiles agreed with the temperature measured by the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument [Fulchignoni, M., and 43 colleagues, 2005. Nature 438, 785–791] above 415 km (0.01 mb). The profiles obtained from different wavelength filters systematically diverge as altitude decreases, which implies significant extinction in the light curves. Applying an extinction model [Elliot, J.L., Young, L.A., 1992. Astron. J. 103, 991–1015] gave the altitudes of line of sight optical depth equal to unity: 396±7 and 401±20 km (u′ immersion and emersion); 354±7 and 387±7 km (g′ immersion and emersion); and 336±5 and 318±4 km (i′ immersion and emersion). Further analysis showed that the optical depth follows a power law in wavelength with index 1.3±0.2. We present a new method for determining temperature from scintillation spikes in the occulting body's atmosphere. Temperatures derived with this method are equal to or warmer than those measured by the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument. Using the highly structured, three-peaked central flash, we confirmed the shape of Titan's middle atmosphere using a model originally derived for a previous Titan occultation [Hubbard, W.B., and 45 colleagues, 1993. Astron. Astrophys. 269, 541–563]. 相似文献
87.
Germination inhibition of the marine macrophyte Phyllospora comosa was utilized as a sub-lethal end-point to assess and compare the effects of four oil dispersants and dispersed diesel fuel and crude oil combinations. Inhibition of germination by the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel increased following the addition of each of the dispersants; the nominal 48-h EC50 concentration of diesel fuel declined from 6800 to approximately 400 μl l−1 nominal for each dispersed combination. This contrasted with crude oil, where the addition of two dispersants resulted in an enhanced germination rate and an increase in nominal EC50 concentrations from 130 μl l−1 for the undispersed crude to 4000 and 2500 μl l−1. The results indicate that, while germination inhibition of P. comosa may be enhanced by the chemical dispersal of oil, the response varies with type of both oil and oil dispersant. 相似文献
88.
We combined a surface irradiance model with a non-spectral photosynthesisirradiance model to estimate the daily, average rate
of mixed-layer primary production in the Arabian Sea for the 15th day of months at the end of the northeast monsoon, the southwest
monsoon, and the fall and spring inter-monsoons. Our model experiment uses climatologies of cloud cover, mixed-layer thickness,
and satellite ocean-color observations of phytoplankton biomass.
Modelled surface radiation is at an annual maximum in May beneath nearly cloud-free skies just prior to the summer solstice.
The model estimate of surface radiation diminishes through the southwest monsoon over most of the northern Arabian Sea to
an annual minimum in August due to intense cloudiness.
In agreement with previous ship-based measurements, the photosynthesis-irradiance model predicts that the mixed-layer primary
production in the Arabian Sea is extremely seasonal, and peaks annually during the southwest monsoon to the north-west of
the atmospheric Findlater Jet and along the coast of Somalia. Northern Arabian Sea maxima predicted for both the summer and
winter monsoons are separated by periods of low mixed-layer primary production, the fall and spring inter-monsoons. The annual
cycles of modelled mixed-layer primary production differ by region in the Arabian Sea due to varying monsoon influence and
circulation dynamics. 相似文献
89.
We treat the ocean carbon cycle as a coupled physical-biogeochemical process. The interactions between mixed-layer dynamics
and growth of phytoplankton in the layer are discussed, and the formal relationship between phytoplankton accumulation and
new production is examined. A coupled biological-physical model is presented for studying the classical spring bloom in the
N. Atlantic, and possible differences in the mechanisms that drive the seasonal phytoplankton blooms in the N. Atlantic and
the Arabian Sea are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for observational programs to improve our understanding of
the biologically-mediated carbon cycle in the Arabian Sea. 相似文献
90.
R. Paul Philp Trevor D. Gilbert Jane Friedrich 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1981,45(7):1173-1180
Bicyclanes previously reported only in heavily biodegraded Texas Gulf Coast crudes have been found to be ubiquitous in Australian crude oils of non-marine origin from four different basins. The compounds are present in oils, thought to be derived from the same or similar sources, that have undergone varying degrees of biodegradation. They are also found to be present in oils of different geological age. In addition a series of tricyclic diterpenoid hydrocarbons was common to four oils from the Gippsland Basin. Four of these compounds had the molecular formula C20H34 and mass spectral fragmentation patterns suggested they were mono-unsaturated diterpenoids. The presence of unsaturated diterpenoids in crude oils appears to be a unique observation. It is proposed that the diterpenoids may be the source of the bicyclanes also observed in these oils. 相似文献