滇西哀牢山构造带:结构与演化

哀牢山构造带是藏东(东南亚)地区的一条重要线性构造,它分隔了扬子—华南地块与印支地块,并保存了多阶段复杂大地构造演化的记录。哀牢山构造带内由东向西依次发育了晚太古代—新元古代深变质岩系、新生代构造-岩浆活动带(剪切带)、金平—沱江晚二叠—早三叠世裂谷带残余和哀牢山早石炭世—早三叠世混杂岩带。具有不同特点的地质单元间被以新生代为主发育的断裂构造所间隔;而不同时期异地就位或混合岩化成因的花岗质岩石在构造带中普遍存在。哀牢山构造带在不同地质历史阶段具有多重大地构造属性,总体上经历了3个重要大地构造演化阶段:前特提斯演化、特提斯演化和新生代陆内演化阶段。前特提斯演化时期,主体部分(尤其是其东部带)具有亲扬子地块的属性,保留了自晚太古代到新元古代地壳演化的记录。一直到早古生代时期,哀牢山构造带的大地构造属性与扬子—华南地区依然具有密切的亲缘关系。自晚古生代—早中生代时期古特提斯洋打开之后,该带与华南-扬子板块之间分化成2个属性不同的构造域,始于早石炭世打开的哀牢山洋与始于早二叠世打开的金平—沱江洋依次消亡。特提斯洋的闭合,一方面形成了古哀牢山造山带,同时使得扬子—华南地块与印支地块回复到一个统一的陆内环境中;印度—欧亚板块之间的交互作用,对这一地区有着深刻的影响,相继形成了早新生代哀牢山造山带、晚渐新世—早中新世造山后区域性伸展与高钾碱性岩浆活动性和晚渐新世—早中新世印支地块的大规模南东向逃逸、哀牢山大型左行走滑剪切作用及伴生的钙碱性岩浆活动性。     

Physical constraints on impact melt properties from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera images

Impact melt flows exterior to Copernican-age craters are observed in high spatial resolution (0.5 m/pixel) images acquired by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Narrow Angle Camera (NAC). Impact melt is mapped in detail around 15 craters ranging in diameter from 2.4 to 32.5 km. This survey supports previous observations suggesting melt flows often occur at craters whose shape is influenced by topographic variation at the pre-impact site. Impact melt flows are observed around craters as small as 2.4 km in diameter, and preliminary estimates of melt volume suggest melt production at small craters can significantly exceed model predictions. Digital terrain models produced from targeted NAC stereo images are used to examine the three-dimensional properties of flow features and emplacement setting, enabling physical modeling of flow parameters. Qualitative and quantitative observations are consistent with low-viscosity melts heated above their liquidii (superheated) with limited amounts of entrained solids.     

Characteristics of groundwater in karstic region in northeastern Vietnam

The groundwater in the karst region of northeastern Vietnam is found in various structural zones such as the Ha Lang, Song Hien, Hon Gai, Song Lo, Song Gam, and Hoang Lien Son Zones, etc. Results from this study show that groundwater in this region is at different depths: ~120 m deep at Quang Ninh, ~100 m at Lang Son, ~80 m at Cao Bang (The most water-abundant depth observed at Cao Bang varies from 40 to 45 m) while it varies from 18–25 to 80 m deep at Quan Ba (Ha Giang), especially at Meo Vac (Ha Giang), where groundwater is observed at 700–800 m deep (equivalent to local base level of the Nho Que River). Overall, groundwater in the region is fresh with total minerals varying from 250 to 400 mg/l; except for the coastal area of Quang Ninh, where groundwater is characterized by much higher total minerals (M = 3–18 g/l) due to the mixing with the saline sea water. The chemistry of water in the region demonstrates that the water is mainly bicarbonate with a [HCO₃ ^?] concentration varying from 150 to 265 mg/l, pH is of 6.5–8.1, and its hardness is of 3.7–6.0 meq/l.     

Complex deposits in the Lo Gam structure,northeastern Vietnam: mineralogy,geochemistry, and formation conditions

The Pb–Zn deposits in the Lo Gam structure, northeastern Vietnam, account for>80% of all the Pb and Zn resources of Vietnam. All the deposits make up four isolated ore districts (Thai Nguyen, Cho Don, Cho Dien, Na Son), which can be combined in one metallogenic zone extending for >100 km from southeast to northwest. The Pb–Zn deposits in all the ore districts show some similarity to stratiform (Mississippi-type) deposits: confinement to Devonian carbonate sediments; localization at the intersection of faults of different orientations; vein and stockwork (pocket-vein-disseminated) morphology of the mineralized zones; evidence for hydrothermal-metasomatic formation (carbonate-rock marbleization, quartz–carbonate veins, etc.); and low and moderate mineralization temperatures (<250 °C). On the other hand, some differences from stratiform deposits are observed: widespread occurrence of Permo-Triassic igneous rocks in the above ore districts; absent tabular orebodies, which are typical of stratiform deposits; large set of trace elements (In, Bi, Sb, Au, Ag, Cu, Cd) not typical of stratiform deposits; and an endogenic primary source, as evidenced by the isotope composition of sulfur (δS³⁴= 2.68‰), which is close to meteoritic, and the set of trace elements, which are mainly of deep genesis. All this indicates that the above Pb–Zn deposits within the carbonate units are low-and moderate-temperature hydrothermal-metasomatic products associated with active magmatism which took place in this region in the Permo-Triassic.The differences in the mineral composition of the deposits, as well as in the trace-element set and contents at different deposits, clearly indicate an intricate ore formation process and the relation of the deposits with magmatism of different compositions. The simple mineral composition and the limited set of trace elements (Cd, Ag, Sb, As) at the Lang Hich deposit are closer to the characteristics of stratiform deposits. Also, manifestations of magmatism are almost absent here. On the contrary, unusually high (ppm) In (75.8), Sn (307.5), Cu (1080), Ag (157.7), Bi (99), and As (13,650) contents were observed at the deposits of the Cho Don and Cho Dien districts, with widespread granitoid magmatism in the Phia Bioc complex. Rare-earth mineralization (orthite) and high Mo, Re, and Rb contents at the deposits of the Na Son district are probably due to the widespread occurrence of stratified alkaline volcanics and their subvolcanic analogs, which belong to the Pla Ma complex (ξγPZ₂ pm).     

Origin and extent of fresh groundwater, salty paleowaters and recent saltwater intrusions in Red River flood plain aquifers, Vietnam

A model has been established on the origin and extent of fresh groundwater, salty paleowaters and saltwater from recent seawater intrusions in the Red River flood plain in Vietnam. This was done with geological observations, geophysical borehole logging and transient electromagnetic methods. Salt paleowater is present up to 50–75?km from the coastline, with occurrence controlled by the Holocene transgression. A density-driven leaching of salty porewater has occurred from high-permeability Holocene sediments into underlying Pleistocene deposits, whereas diffusion has dominated in low-permeability layers. In the Pleistocene aquifer, the highest content of dissolved solids is found below two intrinsic valleys with Holocene marine sediments and along the coastline. Recent intrusion of saltwater from the South China Sea is observed in shallow groundwater 35?km inland, probably a result of transport of salty water inland in rivers or leaching of paleowaters from very young near-coast marine sediments. The observed inverted salinity profile, with high saline water overlying fresher groundwater, has been formed due to the global eustatic sea-level changes during the last 8,000–9,000?years. The proposed model may therefore be applicable to other coastal aquifers, with a proper incorporation of the local geological environments.     

Verification of a coupled ice ocean forecasting system for the Newfoundland shelf

Abstract

A coupled ice, ocean model for forecasting ice conditions on the Newfoundland shelf region is assessed by comparing hindcasts with satellite‐tracked ice beacon displacements and with changes in offshore ice edge location, ice thickness and southern ice extent derived from ice charts. The beacon velocity fields contain short timescale fluctuations which are not resolved by the model. The ratio of rms displacement error divided by the rms beacon displacement is 0.48 after 1 day and 0.23 after 8 days. The decrease in the scaled displacement error with increasing time is related to the short timescale motions. The skill in modelling displacement of the offshore ice edge is lower than in modelling ice displacement. Between mid‐February and mid‐April 1997, the effect of ice melt on the ice edge was a mean onshore displacement of 35 km overcoming an offshore advection of 24 km in 5 days.     

Constraining the cosmological time variation of the fine - structure constant

The variation of the fine-structure constant α = e ² / ħc can be probed by comparing the wavelength of atomic transitions from the redshift of quasars in the Universe and laboratory over cosmological time scales t ~ 10¹⁰ yr. After a careful selection of pairs of lines, the Thong method with a derived analytical expression for the error analysis was applied to compute the α variation. We report a new constraint on the variation of the fine-structure constant based on the analysis of the C_IV, N_V, Mg_II, Al_III, and Si_IV doublet absorption lines. The weighted mean value of the variation in α derived from our analysis over the redshift range 0.4939 ≤ z ≤ 3.7 is = ( 0.09 ± 0.07)×10⁻⁵. This result is three orders of magnitude better than the results obtained by earlier analysis of the same data on the constraint on Δα/α .     

Selective separation of very fine particles at a planar air–water interface

Selective fine particle separation is a key unit operation in the mineral and related industries. In flotation, the capture of fine particles by bubbles is inefficient due to their low mass and momentum, which result in low particle–bubble collision efficiency. We demonstrate that it is possible to selectively separate a mixture of very fine hydrophobic graphite and hydrophilic quartz particles by direct contact with an air–water interface without a particle–bubble collision step involved. We demonstrate that it is possible to scale-up the process from a simple batch to a continuous process. Good selective separation of graphite from quartz gangue could be obtained under continuous conditions.     

The conditions of formation of sapphire and zircon in the areas of alkali-basaltoid volcanism in Central Vietnam

Study of the chemical composition of clinopyroxene and garnet megacrysts from the Dak Nong sapphire deposit and model calculations have shown that megacrysts originated from the crystallization of alkali basaltoid magma in a deep-seated intermediate chamber at 14–15 kbar, which is close to the Moho depth (50 km) in this part of southeastern Asia. The chamber was a source of heat and CO₂ fluids for the generation of crustal syenitic melts producing sapphires and zircons. The formation conditions of sapphires and zircons are significantly different. The presence of jadeite inclusions in placer zircons points to high pressures during their crystallization, which is confirmed by the ubiquitous decrepitation of CO₂-rich melt inclusions. Sapphires crystallized from iron-rich syenitic melt in the shallower Earth’s crust horizons with the participation of CO₂ and carbonate–H₂O–CO₂ fluids. The subsequent eruptions of alkali basalts favored the transportation of garnet and pyroxene megacrysts as well as sapphire and zircon xenocrysts to the surface. It is shown that sapphire deposits can be produced only during multistage basaltic volcanism with deep-seated intermediate chambers in the regions with thick continental crust. The widespread megacryst mineral assemblage (clinopyroxene, garnet, sanidine, ilmenite) and the presence of placer zircon megacrysts can be used as indicators for sapphire prospecting.