珠江口海域围填海演进过程与问题分析研究

文章对新中国成立后珠江口海域的围填海演进过程进行了回顾和统计,分析了围填海历史规律,并对围填海过程中造成的生态环境问题进行了探讨。笔者认为,正确认识围填海的影响和危害,不是要否定围填海,更不是放弃围填海,而是要科学管控围填海行为,从全局、长远的角度权衡围填海的利弊,尽可能趋利避害。     

围封对沙漠化草地土壤理化性质和固碳潜力恢复的影响

过度放牧是科尔沁沙地退化的主要原因,禁牧围封可以有效地控制牲畜对植被-土壤系统的破坏,促进退化生态系统的有效恢复。以过度放牧后的沙漠化草地为对象,调查了禁牧围封13年后沙漠化草地土壤理化性质的变化特征,并分析了围封对土壤固碳潜力的影响。结果表明：（1）沙漠化草地围封13年后,土壤砂粒含量减少、粉粒和黏粒含量增加,且粉粒增加最为明显,平均含量增加123%;土壤容重在不同土壤深度均呈下降趋势。（2）围封后土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量呈增加趋势,分别增加了102%、97%、123%和24%,但土壤有效磷和缓效钾呈减少趋势;土壤pH显著升高,阳离子交换量呈现增加趋势。（3）除土壤有效铁外,其余有效微量元素包括有效铜、有效锰和有效锌平均含量均呈增加趋势,分别增加44%、30%和82%。（4）土壤有机质与pH值、阳离子交换量、全氮、速效氮、速效钾、有效铜、有效锰、有效锌含量呈显著正相关关系。（5）沙漠化草地围封13年后,100 cm深度土壤有机碳储量增加393.45 g·m^-2,碳截存速率为30.27 gC·m^-2·a^-1。对于因持续过度放牧所导致的严重退化草地,禁牧围封可有效促进土壤有机质、养分和微量元素的增加,影响土壤质地及固碳潜力等的变化,但严重退化沙漠化草地的恢复需要一个长期的过程,土壤有机碳储量要恢复到科尔沁非沙漠化草地水平至少需要百年的时间尺度。     

Impact of land use conversion on soil organic carbon stocks in an agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia

Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in terrestrial ecosystems vary considerably with land use types. Grassland, forest, and cropland coexist in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia, China. Using SOC data compiled from literature and field investigations, this study compared SOC stocks and their vertical distributions among three types of ecosystems. The results indicate that grassland had the largest SOC stock, which was 1.5- and 1.8-folds more than stocks in forest and cropland, respectively. Relative to the stock in 0–100 cm depth, grassland held more than 40% of its SOC stock in the upper 20 cm soil layer; forest and cropland both held over 30% of their respective SOC stocks in the upper 20 cm soil layer. SOC stocks in grazed grasslands were remarkably promoted after ≥20 years of grazing exclusion. Conservational cultivation substantially increased the SOC stocks in cropland, especially in the 0–40 cm depth. Stand ages, tree species, and forest types did not have obvious impacts on forest SOC stocks in the study area likely due to the younger stand ages. Our study implies that soil carbon loss should be taken into account during the implementation of ecological projects, such as reclamation and afforestation, in the arid and semi-arid regions of China.     

自然保护区生态旅游开发潜力评价指标体系及评价模型——以广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区为例

构建科学合理的评价指标体系和评价模型,准确评价自然保护区生态旅游开发潜力,是自然保护区生态旅游开发确保生态系统不受破坏的前提和基础.在综合分析相关评价模型的基础上,采用德尔菲法确定了自然保护区生态旅游开发潜力评价体系,通过对专家问卷采用层次分析法计算出评价指标体系各层指标的权重,构建了生态旅游开发潜力评价模型,并制定了生态旅游开发潜力评价的总体评价等级.本文以广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区为具体研究对象,通过对建立的生态旅游开发潜力评价模型各要素指标进行测度和调查,计算出开发潜力评价得分,表明猫儿山国家级自然保护区生态旅游开发潜力较大.     

辽宁宽甸地区上地幔岩石圈组成及热结构——来自地幔岩包体的信息

中更新世时期火山爆发形成的宽甸黄椅山碱性玄武岩中含有种类丰富的地幔岩包体,为研究该地区的上地幔组成及热结构提供了良好的条件。本文计算了地幔岩包体的平衡温压、岩石密度及弹性波速值。结果表明：该地区莫霍面埋深为35～38 km。38～65 km范围内普遍存在着尖晶石二辉橄榄岩,54～64 km为尖晶石辉石岩转变为石榴子石辉石岩的过渡带,石榴 子石二辉岩分布范围为54～75 km,推测75 km以下进入上地幔低速层。45～80 km范围内的热结构可表示为：t(℃)=847.17+1.557d+0.02235d2。     

新疆可可塔勒金与多金属矿带成矿演化

海西早期,西伯利亚板块南缘拉张沉降带NW向断裂控制着 麦兹、克朗火山沉积盆地及可可塔勒矿带海相火山喷流沉积型铁铅锌铜矿床。矿床形成顺序为蒙库铁矿、可可塔勒铅锌矿、铁木尔特铅锌矿和后期断裂作用形成的萨热阔布金矿。与铁矿床有关的黄铁矿硫同位素组成显示硫和矿质来自深部岩浆源,铅锌铜矿硫同位素分为两组,一组富轻硫,δ34S最低为-27.96‰（范围-27.961‰～-5.400‰）,另一组δ34S均值接近于0‰（范围-3.360‰～+5.100‰）,硫同位素及流体包裹体资料表明有两种成矿流体,一种为海水深循环热液;另一种为火山岩浆热液。断裂构造、盆地、火山活动和流体演化决定了矿带成矿系列演化。     

Slope hybrid reliability analysis considering the uncertainty of probability-interval using three-parameter Weibull distribution

A reliability model is proposed to solve the problem of hybrid uncertainty with both random and interval variables in slope engineering. A hybrid uncertainty model based on the dimension reduction method and Taylor expansion is constructed to approximate the limit state function. Using the polynomial theorem and variable transformation method, the origin and center moments’ interval of the limit state function are calculated. Moment information is applied to the expansion of a three-parameter Weibull distribution, and the cumulative distribution function and probability density function of limit state function are determined. As a result, the failure probability interval of the slope is calculated. The interval uncertainty problem is transformed into an interval certainty problem using Taylor expansion without solving for the statistical moment of limit state function using multiple integrals and iteratively searching for the most probable failure points. The numerical results from two slopes show that the proposed method is effective and feasible.

     

科尔沁沙地奈曼旗1970—2010年降水的多时间尺度分析

利用回归分析、小波分析和Mann-Kendall （M-K）突变分析研究了1970—2010年奈曼旗的降水变化特征。结果表明：（1） 不同雨量级中,0~5 mm降水事件最多,占全年降水事件的70%以上,其降水量也最多,占全年降水量的18%;降水间隔期以0~5 d为主,占全年无降水期的73%。（2） 1970—2010年奈曼旗年降水及季降水波动较大,基本呈相对少雨期和相对多雨期相间分布的特征;年降水及春、夏、秋和冬季降水的倾向率分别为-12.4、0.8、-3.2、-1.3 mm/10a和-0.3 mm/10a; 年降水及春、夏和秋季降水在1990年左右以正距平为主,而在1985年之前和1995年以后以负距平为主;冬季降水基本随年份增加呈减少的趋势。（3） 1月降水量最少,7月最多。7月降水量约占年降水量的30%以上,且与其他各月相比均有显著差异。（4） 通过小波分析发现,奈曼旗年降水存在6~8年的较短周期和17年左右的较长周期变化;年降水和夏、秋及冬季降水在进入21世纪后都有减少趋势。（5） M-K突变分析表明,奈曼旗年降水减少及春季降水增加的突变点分别为 2004年和2006年。     

Environmental significance of RSL in ancient city wall: historical desertification of Ordos Plateau, Northern China

Scholars in China have long debated whether the desertification during the past two millennia of the Ordos Plateau was caused primarily by climatic or anthropogenic factors. Focusing on the ancient cities of the Ordos Plateau, and especially on the discovery of Rammed Sand Layer (RSL) in the city wall which proved to be from sand dunes by grain size and scan electron microscope analysis, this study combined the use of historical records and methods of environmental archaeology to clarify the history of the deserts on the Ordos Plateau. The results indicated that some of the ancient cities were built originally in the desert, thus failing to represent a good condition of landscape. Therefore, abandonment of these cities cannot be simply attributed to anthropogenic desertification.