Smart Semi-active PID-ACO control strategy for tower vibration reduction in Wind Turbines with MR damper

Wind turbine technology is well known around the globe as an eco-friendly and effective renewable power source. However, this technology often faces reliability problems due to structural vibration. This study proposes a smart semi-active vibration control system using Magnetorheological (MR) dampers where feedback controllers are optimized with nature-inspired algorithms. Proportional integral derivative (PID) and Proportional integral (PI) controllers are designed to achieve the optimal desired force and current input for MR the damper. PID control parameters are optimized using an Ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm. The effectiveness of the ACO algorithm is validated by comparing its performance with Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The placement of the MR damper on the tower is also investigated to ensure structural balance and optimal desired force from the MR damper. The simulation results show that the proposed semi-active PID-ACO control strategy can significantly reduce vibration on the wind turbine tower under different frequencies (i.e., 67%, 73%, 79% and 34.4% at 2 Hz, 3 Hz, 4.6 Hz and 6 Hz, respectively) and amplitudes (i.e. 50%, 58% and 67% for 50 N, 80 N, and 100 N, respectively). In this study, the simulation model is validated with an experimental study in terms of natural frequency, mode shape and uncontrolled response at the 1st mode. The proposed PID-ACO control strategy and optimal MR damper position is also implemented on a lab-scaled wind turbine tower model. The results show that the vibration reduction rate is 66% and 73% in the experimental and simulation study, respectively, at the 1st mode.

     

太湖水体氮、磷浓度演变趋势(1985-2015年)

分析了太湖水体氮、磷浓度1985-2015年的演变趋势.结果表明,近30年来,全太湖水体氮、磷指标总体呈先恶化、后好转的波动变化趋势.总氮（TN）浓度年均值在1.79～3.63 mg/L之间,30年平均值为2.62±0.03 mg/L,总磷（TP）浓度年均值在0.04～0.15 mg/L之间,30年平均值为0.086±0.001 mg/L,1996年全太湖TN （3.84 mg/L）和TP （0.15 mg/L）浓度年均值均达历史峰值.氮、磷逐月浓度变化情况显示,TN浓度呈明显季节性变化规律,最高值集中出现在3、4月,概率分别为67%和33%,最低值则分布在8、9、10、11月,概率分别为18%、41%、29%和12%,而TP浓度则没有明显的季节性变化规律.太湖各湖区水体氮、磷浓度变化空间异质性明显,西部水域和北部水域变化幅度大于东部水域、南部水域和湖心区.太湖水体氮、磷浓度的长期变化趋势显然和流域经济发展及各项环保管理措施的实施密切相关,同时也受到重大水情变化的影响.此外,在相对封闭的局部湖湾水体可以通过水利调度等综合治理措施短时期内改善氮、磷指标,但大太湖水质的改善任重而道远.     

Equilibrium thallium isotope fractionation and its constraint on Earth’s late veneer

Equilibrium isotope fractionation of thallium(Tl) includes the traditional mass-dependent isotope fractionation effect and the nuclear volume effect(NVE). The NVE dominates the overall isotope fractionation, especially at high temperatures. Heavy Tl isotopes tend to be enriched in oxidized Tl^3+-bearing species. Our NVE fractionation results of oxidizing Tl^+ to Tl^3+ can explain the positive enrichments observed in ferromanganese sediments. Experimental results indicate that there could be0.2–0.3 e-unit fractionation between sulfides and silicates at 1650 ℃. It is consistent with our calculation results,which are in the range of 0.17–0.38 e-unit. Importantly,Tl’s concentration in the bulk silicate Earth(BSE) can be used to constrain the amount of materials delivered to Earth during the late veneer accretion stage. Because the Tl concentration in BSE is very low and its Tl isotope composition is similar with that of chondrites, suggesting either no Tl isotope fractionation occurred during numerous evaporation events, or the Tl in current BSE was totally delivered by late veneer. If it is the latter, the Tl-contentbased estimation could challenge the magnitude of late veneer which had been constrained by the amount of highly siderophile elements in BSE. Our results show that the lateaccreted mass is at least five-times larger than the previously suggested magnitude, i.e., 0.5 wt% of current Earth’s mass. The slightly lighter 205 Tl composition of BSE relative to chondrites is probable a sign of occurrence of Tlbearing sulfides, which probably were removed from the mantle in the last accretion stage of the Earth.     

大震面波应力扰动对2014年四川康定地震的影响

在中强地震发生前的临界状态下,发震断层可能在大震面波应力扰动下出现微震活动增强的现象。利用β统计值方法和匹配滤波技术,对2014年11月22日康定M6.3地震震前大震在其主震及前震所在的鲜水河断裂带的动态触发作用进行了分析讨论。结果显示,未检测到由大震面波触发的微震,表明康定地震震前其主震及前震所在区域在大震面波的应力扰动下,未出现明显的微震触发现象;通过微震检测未发现断层积累应力水平较高、即将发生强震的证据。     

Spectra of seismic force reduction factors of MDOF systems normalized by two characteristic periods

Seismic force reduction factor(SFRF) spectra of shear-type multi-degree-of-freedom(MDOF) structures are investigated. The modified Clough model, capable of considering the strength-degradation/hardening and stiffnessdegradation, is adopted. The SFRF mean spectra using 102 earthquake records on a typical site soil type(type C) are constructed with the period abscissa being divided into three period ranges to maintain the peak features at the two sitespecific characteristic periods. Based on a large number of results, it is found that the peak value of SFRF spectra may also exist for MDOF, induced by large high-mode contributions to elastic base shear, besides the mentioned two peak values. The variations of the stiffness ratio λk and the strength ratio λF of the top to bottom story are both considered. It is found that the SFRFs for λF≤λk are smaller than those for λF λk. A SFRF modification factor for MDOF systems is proposed with respect to SDOF. It is found that this factor is significantly affected by the story number and ductility. With a specific λF(= λk0.75), SFRF mean spectra are constructed and simple solutions are presented for MDOF systems. For frames satisfying the strong column/weak beam requirement, an approximate treatment in the MDOF shear-beam model is to assign a post-limit stiffness 15%-35% of the initial stiffness to the hysteretic curve. SFRF spectra for MDOF systems with 0.2 and 0.3 times the post-limit stiffness are remarkably larger than those without post-limit stiffness. Thus, the findings that frames with beam hinges have smaller ductility demand are explained through the large post-limit stiffness.     

Subsistence strategies of prehistoric hunter-gatherers on the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Deglaciation

The study of prehistoric hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies on the Tibetan Plateau is important for understanding the mechanisms and processes of human adaption to high altitude environments.But to date,only a few Paleolithic sites have been found on the Tibetan Plateau with clear stratigraphy and reliable dating.These sites are mainly distributed in the Qinghai Lake Basin on the northeastern part of the plateau,and the sporadic fauna and flora remains excavated provide limited information about the subsistence strategies of hunter-gatherers.In 2014,relatively abundant animal remains were unearthed in the Lower Cultural Layer (LCL,15400-13100 cal yr BP) of the"151 site"located in the Qinghai Lake Basin,providing important information about human subsistence strategies on the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Deglaciation.Zooarchaeological analysis of these faunal remains indicates that hunter-gatherers at the"151 site"mainly targeted large ungulates of Bos and wild horse/ass,and only brought back the most nutritious parts of animal carcasses including upper and intermediate limb bones,heads,and trunks (ribs and vertebrae).People then processed and consumed the carcasses around single hearths.Our comprehensive analyses of contemporaneous sites in the Qinghai Lake Basin show that a subsistence strategy involving opportunistic hunting of ungulates,high mobility,and short occupation of campsites was used by terminal Pleistocene huntergatherers to adapt to the high-altitude environment on the Tibetan Plateau.This subsistence strategy may have been a first step of gradual hunter-gatherer adaptation to the extreme conditions on the Tibetan Plateau after the Last Glacial Maximum,and laid the foundation for the widespread distribution of hunter-gatherers on the plateau during the Holocene.     

Analysis of Stock Market Development and CO2 Emissions on OECD Countries via an Empirical Model

Accompanying economic growth, CO₂ emissions have polluted the natural environment worldwide. This study highlights the special problems with stock market development and CO₂ emissions in 25 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries during 1971–2007 to trace the trend of CO₂ emissions while countries grow their economies. A panel‐data model is applied to analyze the relationships between stock market (SM) development, energy consumption, gross domestic product (GDP), and CO₂ emissions in 25 OECD countries. Low‐GDP countries show different results from high‐GDP countries in the trends of SM development and CO₂ emissions, and dynamic effects occur in SM development and CO₂ emissions under various GDP conditions. There is a negative relationship between SM development and CO₂ emissions if countries enjoy high economic growth, which means that these countries avoid CO₂ emissions through SM development. However, a positive relationship is found between SM development and CO₂ emissions if countries experience low economic growth, which means that SM development does not show the boycott‐effect relationship with CO₂ emissions when countries experience low levels of economic development. This study shows a correlation between SM development and CO₂ emissions among OECD countries.     

铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)与三种丝状蓝藻间的相互作用

研究了单细胞铜绿微囊藻和三种丝状蓝藻（水华束丝藻、水华鱼腥藻及土生席藻）间的相互作用,包括以下两个方面的内容：①铜绿微囊藻细胞滤出液对水华束丝藻、水华鱼腥藻及土生席藻生长的影响;②水华束丝藻、水华鱼腥藻及土生席藻细胞滤出液对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响．研究发现,当滤出液浓度为60％（滤出液与BG11的体积比为3：2）时,铜绿微囊藻细胞滤出液对水华束丝藻、水华鱼腥藻的生长有显著促进效果,尤其对水华束丝藻的作用更加明显;对土生席藻的生长却起着微弱的抑制作用,仅表现于100％细胞滤出液中．对铜绿微囊藻而言,土生席藻细胞滤出液对其的生长起着显著抑制作用,浓度越高、抑制作用越强;而水华束丝藻、水华鱼腥藻仅在100％细胞滤出液中才表现出微弱的抑制作用．为验证营养盐浓度差异是否影响滤出液的作用效果,进行了无机营养盐（NO3-N、NH4^＋-N、PO4-P）干扰的消除试验．结果表明,无机营养盐（（NO3-N、NH4^＋-N、PO4-P）的改变并不影响滤出液的作用效果,从而我们推测水华蓝藻之间存在着化感作用．本研究为解释自然水体中藻类种群演替的原因,深入认识水华蓝藻的动力学机制提供了新的实验证据．     

CTD海上剖面测量性能综合评定方法研究

随着国产温盐深剖面仪（Conductivity-Temperature-Depth profiler,CTD） 测量性能的不断提高,其使用范围和规模也逐步扩大,需要规范CTD 海上剖面测量性能评定方法。在威海附近海域开展基于锚泊式平台CTD 海上比对试验,通过改变同架比对CTD 数量、引入相关系数和平均差数据处理方法研究海上比对试验效果,提出以精准度和灵敏度为目标层的CTD 海上剖面测量性能评价指标体系,实现了对被测CTD 海上剖面测量性能相对全面的评价,准确量化了被测CTD 在实际海洋环境中的剖面测量性能,为国产CTD 海上剖面测量性能的优化提供依据。     

利用高光谱对生物变量进行估计

该文分析了非光合背景物质—土壤光谱信号的特点 ,认为利用对光谱信号进行一阶导数的运算就能对混合光谱中的土壤光谱信号进行压缩 ,由此而得到的生物指数如LAI、SApar等的估计值更能客观地反映实际 ,这对于利用成象光谱进行环境应用有很大的实用价值。