Ein Nomogramm zur Bestimmung des Transmissionskoeffizienten sowie einige Bemerkungen zur Methode seiner Berechnung in der Limnologie

Riassunto è presentato un nomogramma per l'elaborazione dei valori fotometrici per ricerche sulla penetrazione della luce nell'acqua dei laghi. è inoltre discusso il procedimento matematico per il calcolo della media dei coefficienti d'estinzione; si è trovato che esistono, per questo calcolo, due possibilità, delle quali soltanto una rappresenta la media nel senso matematico. Si propone di utilizare questa media per la risoluzione del problema in esame.

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Aus dem “Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, ‘Marco de Marchi’, Pallanza (Italia)”.     

A photo-electric nucleus counter with size discrimination

Summary A variation of theNolan-Pollak photo-electric nucleus counter for size discrimination is described. Instead of applying an over-pressure, the sample in fog-tube of the new instrument starts at atmospheric pressure and expands into two evacuated containers. The expansion into the first container is as rapid as possible and this determines the maximum supersaturation. The expansion into the second is slow enough to permit the growth of water drops to limit the supersaturation below the initial value, and yet fast enough so that the expansion is essentially adiabatic. The calibration is essentially the same as long as the sum of the two volumes is constant, and only those particles smaller than the size determined by the initial supersaturation contribute to the reading.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Modifikation des photoelektrischen Kernzählers vonNolan undPollak zur Unterscheidung der Kerngrösse beschrieben. Anstatt einen Ueberdruck in der Nebelkammer zu erzeugen, wird die Luftprobe von ihrem ursprünglichen Luftdruck in zwei evakuierte Behälter expandiert. Die Expansion in den ersten Behälter wird so schnell als möglich durchgeführt; diese bestimmt das Maximum der Uebersättigung. Die Expansion in den zweiten Behälter wird so langsam vorgenommen, dass das Wachsen der Wassertröpfchen ermöglicht und die Uebersättigung unter dem Anfangswert begrenzt wird, doch rasch genug, dass die Expansion im wesentlichen adiabatisch erfolgt. Die Kalibrierung ist im wesentlichen die gleiche, so lange die Summe der zwei Volumina konstant ist, und nur jene Teilchen tragen zur Messung bei, deren Grösse kleiner ist als jene, welche durch die anfängliche Uebersättigung bestimmt ist.

     

A note on frame transformations with applications to geodetic datums

Rigorous equations in compact symbolic matrix notation are introduced to transform coordinates and velocities between ITRF frames and modern GPS-based geocentric geodetic datums. The theory is general but, after neglecting higher than second-order terms, it is shown that the equations revert to the formulation currently applied in most major continental datums. We discuss several examples: the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83), the European Terrestrial Reference System of 1989 (ETRS89), the Geodetic Datum of Australia of 1994 (GDA94), and the South American Geocentric Reference System (SIRGAS). Electronic Publication     

Automatic Location of Swarm Earthquakes from Local Network Data

An advanced method of automated seismic phase picking and exact location and magnitude determination of swarm micro-earthquakes from local network data is presented. The phase picker is applied in two steps: first, S-wave groups are identified using a polarisation detector, and then corresponding P-wave groups are searched for. The times of maximum P- and S-amplitudes are then used as starting points for the determination of accurate P- and S-arrival times. The maximum S-wave amplitudes are utilised for determining local magnitudes. The whole procedure is checked by simultaneous preliminary hypocentre location providing estimates of local magnitudes and a compatibility check of the candidate P- and S-phases. The closest station to the earthquake cluster is used as a master, and the phase search at the remaining stations is governed by the P- and S-phases identified at the master station. Thanks to the use of apriori information on the approximate position of hypocentres, the procedure is also capable of picking the individual P- and S-phases of sequences of overlapping swarm events. The performance of the procedure was tested by comparison of the automatically and interactively created catalogues of the January 1997 NW-Bohemia micro-earthquake swarm. With stations located at epicentral distances between 0 and 20 km, the difference between hypocentre coordinates obtained by automatic and interactive processing did not exceed 80 m for 86% events. All events above magnitude 0.5 were identified, and the automatically determined polarity of first P-wave motion proved to be correct in 89% of them.     

Köppen Climate Types in Observed and Simulated Climates

The Köppen climate classification was applied to the observed gridded climatological sets and the outputs of four general circulation models (GCMs) over the continents of the Earth. All data had been acquired via the Data Distribution Centre established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The ability of the GCMs to simulate the Köppen climate zones identified in the real data was explored and possible future (global warming) changes in the climate types' distribution for each GCM were assessed. Differences in the area distributions derived from the GCMs' recent climate simulations give evidence about uncertainties generally involved in climate models. As to the global warming simulations, all GCM projections of warming climate (horizon 2050) show that the zones representing tropical rain climates and dry climates become larger, and the zones identified with boreal forest and snow climates together with the polar climates are smaller.     

On the Integrability of Limited-Area Numerical Weather Prediction Model ALADIN over Extended Time Periods

This note summarizes results of the first integration of regional numerical weather prediction model ALADIN in a climate mode. The ALADIN model, developed in an international cooperation led by Météo France, is operationally used for weather prediction. The grid step of the model is 12 km; the integration domain covers a major part of Europe. A one-month-long run has been performed with this model on observed boundary conditions (represented by assimilations by the global model ARPEGE). It is demonstrated that no excessive error is generated and accumulated in the model during the integration; hence the model is integrable for extended time periods and may serve a basis for a development towards a regional climate model.     

On the Dynamics of the Jovian Ionosphere and Thermosphere: III. The Modelling of Auroral Conductivity

Recent work has been concerned with calculating the three-dimensional ion concentrations and Pedersen and Hall conductivities within the auroral region of Jupiter for varying conditions of incident electron precipitation. Using the jovian ionospheric model, we present results that show the auroral ionospheric response to changing the incoming flux of precipitating electrons (for constant initial energy) and also the response to changing the initial energy (for both constant flux and constant energy flux). The results show that, for expected energy fluxes of precipitating particles, the average auroral integrated Pedersen conductivity attains values in excess of 1 mho. In addition, it is shown that electrons with an initial energy of around 60 keV are particularly effective at generating auroral conductivity: Particles of this energy penetrate most effectively to the layer of the jovian ionosphere at which the auroral conductivity is at a maximum.