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911.
Anthropogenic hillslope terraces and swidden agriculture in Jiuzhaigou National Park, northern Sichuan, China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Amanda Henck James Taylor Yongxian Li Barbara Grub Alicia Robbins Tom Hinckley Lauren Urgenson Xinxin Hu Yaowu Yuan Xun Liao 《Quaternary Research》2010,73(2):201-207
Small, irregular terraces on hillslopes, or terracettes, are common landscape features throughout west central China. Despite their prevalence, there is limited understanding of the nature of these topographic features, the processes that form them, and the role humans played in their formation. We used an interdisciplinary approach to investigate the geology, ecology, and cultural history of terracette development within Jiuzhaigou National Park, Sichuan Province, China. Terracettes occur on south facing, 20° slopes at 2500 m elevation, which appears to coincide with places people historically preferred to build villages. Ethnographic interviews suggest that traditional swidden agricultural cycles removed tree roots, causing the loess sediments to lose cohesion, slump, and the terrace risers to retreat uphill over time. This evidence is supported by landslide debris at terracette faces. Archaeological analysis of terracette sites reveal remains of rammed spread soil structures, bones, stone tools, and ceramics dating from at least 2200 years before present within a distinct paleosol layer. Radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating of terracette sediments ranged in age from between 1500 and 2000 14C yr BP and between 16 and 0.30 ka, respectively. These multiple lines of evidence indicate a long history of human habitation within Jiuzhaigou National Park and, taken together, suggest strong links between terracette formation and human-landuse interactions. 相似文献
912.
Gypsum deposits are highly soluble, and can undergo rapid weathering, especially where water intervenes, though certain human
activities can accelerate the karstification processes. An example of karst formed in gypsum at Pinoso (Alicante, Spain) is
analysed to show how human activity has impacted on its evolution. The karst here is associated with a huge diapir in the
Triassic terrain that boasts of a large number of highly unusual exokarstic landforms. Here, rock salt has been extracted
commercially for over 25 years using solution mining via deep boreholes. The brine extracted contains in excess of 300 g/L;
over the whole period, more than 12 million tonnes of salt have been extracted using this method. After preliminary treatment
to remove impurities, it travels along a brine pipeline to the coast. The enormous volume of the voids generated have probably
favoured the acceleration of certain exokarstic and endokarstic processes. 相似文献
913.
正1. Introduction One of the major challenges in Geoscience is to understand how the formation and evolution of the Earth System are governed by timescales e that is, how the various geological processes that continue to contribute to its present-day structure and composition operated in the deep past. The traditional view of such processes refers to events that occur at immense spatial scales and over hundreds of millions of years, constrained in most cases by the ages of rocks determined using isotopic dating methods or the fossil record. However, the modern view of geological processes has increasingly acknowledged that their durations can be significantly shorter than previously thought possible, or indeed detectable 相似文献
914.
Siliceous Cementation of Chlorite-Coated Grains in the Permian Sandstone Gas Reservoirs, Ordos Basin
<正>Objective It has long been controversial that whether authigenic chlorite coatings in sandstone reservoirs can prevent precipitation of siliceous cements.It is commonly believed that chlorite coatings(also called chlorite films,chlorite linings,or chlorite rims)may prevent quartz overgrowth,and thus help the preservation of original pores in sandstone reservoirs.Recently,however,this assumption has been challenged by reservoir geologists.This dispute cannot be solved by mere analysis of thin sections,nor by chemical equations and diagenesis analysis.The main objective of the present contribution is to shed light on this 相似文献
915.
Trace Element Determination of Single Fluid Inclusions in Quartz by Laser Ablation ICP-MS 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Tom E. McCandless David J. Lajack Joaquin Ruiz A. Mohammad Ghazi 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1997,21(2):279-287
Single fluid inclusions in quartz from a Pb-Zn-Ag carbonate replacement deposit were selected for trace element determination by laser ablation ICP-MS. Spikes in element intensities were noted between first breached fluids versus subsequent analyses, suggesting that accurate element concentrations may not be determined in smaller fluid inclusions when only one analysis is obtained before the fluid is exhausted. Elemental concentrations in the fluid inclusions were determined by external standardisation using solutions sealed in microcapillary tubes. Standards and single natural inclusion analyses give repeatabilities (%RSD) of ˜ 20% for Rb and Sr. Rubidium and strontium concentrations range from 0.56-5.07 μg ml-1 and 1.12-27.4 μg ml-1 , respectively, whereas Zn and Ag are below detection limits (< 10 ng ml-1 ). The results suggest that nearly all Zn and Ag are removed by the time hydrothermal fluids precipitate gangue minerals. 相似文献
916.
Maria Luce Frezzotti Tom Andersen Else-Ragnhild Neumann Siri Lene Simonsen 《Lithos》2002,64(3-4):77-96
Three types of fluid inclusions have been identified in olivine porphyroclasts in the spinel harzburgite and lherzolite xenoliths from Tenerife: pure CO2 (Type A); carbonate-rich CO2–SO2 mixtures (Type B); and polyphase inclusions dominated by silicate glass±fluid±sp±silicate±sulfide±carbonate (Type C). Type A inclusions commonly exhibit a “coating” (a few microns thick) consisting of an aggregate of a platy, hydrous Mg–Fe–Si phase, most likely talc, together with very small amounts of halite, dolomite and other phases. Larger crystals (e.g. (Na,K)Cl, dolomite, spinel, sulfide and phlogopite) may be found on either side of the “coating”, towards the wall of the host mineral or towards the inclusion center. These different fluids were formed through the immiscible separations and fluid–wall-rock reactions from a common, volatile-rich, siliceous, alkaline carbonatite melt infiltrating the upper mantle beneath the Tenerife. First, the original siliceous carbonatite melt is separated from a mixed CO2–H2O–NaCl fluid and a silicate/silicocarbonatite melt (preserved in Type A inclusions). The reaction of the carbonaceous silicate melt with the wall-rock minerals gave rise to large poikilitic orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene grains, and smaller neoblasts. During the metasomatic processes, the consumption of the silicate part of the melt produced carbonate-enriched Type B CO2–SO2 fluids which were trapped in exsolved orthopyroxene porphyroclasts. At the later stages, the interstitial silicate/silicocarbonatite fluids were trapped as Type C inclusions. At a temperature above 650 °C, the mixed CO2–H2O–NaCl fluid inside the Type A inclusions were separated into CO2-rich fluid and H2O–NaCl brine. At T<650 °C, the residual silicate melt reacted with the host olivine, forming a reaction rim or “coating” along the inclusion walls consisting of talc (or possibly serpentine) together with minute crystals of NaCl, KCl, carbonates and sulfides, leaving a residual CO2 fluid. The homogenization temperatures of +2 to +25 °C obtained from the Type A CO2 inclusions reflect the densities of the residual CO2 after its reactions with the olivine host, and are unrelated to the initial fluid density or the external pressure at the time of trapping. The latter are restricted by the estimated crystallization temperatures of 1000–1200 °C, and the spinel lherzolite phase assemblage of the xenolith, which is 0.7–1.7 GPa. 相似文献
917.
Tine?Derez Tom?Van Der?Donck Oliver?Plümper Philippe?Muchez Gill?Pennock Martyn?R.?Drury Manuel?SintubinEmail author 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2017,172(7):56
Fine extinction bands (FEBs) (also known as deformation lamellae) visible with polarized light microscopy in quartz consist of a range of nanostructures, inferring different formation processes. Previous transmission electron microscopy studies have shown that most FEB nanostructures in naturally deformed quartz are elongated subgrains formed by recovery of dislocation slip bands. Here we show that three types of FEB nanostructure occur in naturally deformed vein quartz from the low-grade metamorphic High-Ardenne slate belt (Belgium). Prismatic oriented FEBs are defined by bands of dislocation walls. Dauphiné twin boundaries present along the FEB boundaries probably formed after FEB formation. In an example of two sub-rhombohedral oriented FEBs, developed as two sets in one grain, the finer FEB set consists of elongated subgrains, similar to FEBs described in previous transmission electron microscopy studies. The second wider FEB set consists of bands with different dislocation density and fluid-inclusion content. The wider FEB set is interpreted as bands with different plastic strain associated with the primary growth banding of the vein quartz grain. The nanometre-scale fluid inclusions are interpreted to have formed from structurally bounded hydroxyl groups that moreover facilitated formation of the elongate subgrains. Larger fluid inclusions aligned along FEBs are explained by fluid-inclusion redistribution along dislocation cores. The prismatic FEB nanostructure and the relation between FEBs and growth bands have not been recognized before, although related structures have been reported in experimentally deformed quartz. 相似文献
918.
Effie Kostopoulou Christos Giannakopoulos Tom Holt Philippe Le Sager 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,102(1-2):115-124
Due to their ready availability and temporal and spatial consistency, reanalysis data are widely used within the climate community. Nevertheless, higher spatial resolutions are often required and statistical interpolation techniques are applied to increase the data resolution. This work aims to derive a set of high spatial resolution data through three-dimensional interpolation of daily temperature and precipitation. Thin plate spline interpolation has been chosen and used to interpolate ERA-40 temperature and precipitation from a coarse grid (110 km) into a finer one of 1-km spatial resolution. The study evaluates the method by comparing the simulated variables with available in situ meteorological measurements. The chosen stations are distributed over the study region and, most importantly, contain information from a range of altitudes. The results indicate that accounting for the topography in the interpolation process improves the comparisons, with the biggest improvements being evident in the most mountainous areas. The method is found to be better in estimating temperature than precipitation fields. Moreover, the method performs better for maximum temperature in high altitudes and for minimum temperature in low altitudes. 相似文献
919.
Previous research has identified the importance of the role of land cover in the global carbon cycle. In particular, forests have been identified as a significant carbon sink that can mitigate the rate of global climate change. Policy makers are faced with complex and difficult challenges in getting timely and useful information in monitoring global forest resources. Recent advances in the tools and methods of forest carbon accounting have produced new, innovative approaches to forest-based carbon inventories. But it is important as new tools are developed that scientists understand the needs of policy makers and that policy makers understand the capabilities and limitations of forest inventory methods. This paper explores four different policy applications that rely, or could benefit from, national carbon inventories. The goal is to help build a bridge between the communities of climate policy makers and scientists specialized in forest carbon inventories. To this end, we pursue three specific objectives: First we provide an overview for policy makers about approaches to forest carbon inventories, paying particular attention to the contributions of remote sensing technologies. Second, we outline the issues particularly relevant to forest inventory scientists who are interested in responding to public policy needs. We then discuss the tradeoffs between information cost, accuracy, precision, transparency and timeliness that need to be balanced in long-term monitoring of forest carbon. Finally, the article concludes with a series of observations and recommendations for the implementation of forest carbon inventories as increasingly central components of global climate change policy. 相似文献
920.
An approach for predicting swelling pressure of bentonites based on thermodynamic relationships between swelling pressure and suction is presented in this paper. The proposed method requires sorption isotherm data of the bentonites. A series of swelling pressure tests were performed on compacted specimens of bentonite-sand mixtures with different bentonite contents, water contents, and dry densities. The sorption isotherm of the pure bentonite was measured using a chilled-mirror hygrometer. It is found that the method works well for the bentonite-sand mixtures tested. Several published data on bentonites that have been proposed to be used as buffer and sealing material for nuclear waste repository were collected and used to verify the method. The proposed method is found to be also applicable for other bentonites of different types and therefore, can be used to predict swelling pressure of bentonites. 相似文献