水晶晶体中的球粒状与管状铁氧化物包裹体的形貌结构与成因

产出在四川美姑峨眉山玄武岩中的水晶有两种类型,即产出在玄武岩气孔中第一成矿阶段紫色水晶和“三色”层水晶与玄武岩层间滑（错）动裂隙或晶洞中第二成矿阶段的浅色水晶。晶体中铁氧化物包裹体为镜铁矿、赤铁矿、纤铁矿。包裹体的形貌结构有两种类型：其一具三圈层构造球粒（0.15~0.5㎜）,它由球核、球壳与表层三部分组成,球核与表层为红棕色,球壳为铁黑色,称“红夹黑”。扫描电镜（SEM）与能谱分析（EDS）表明,球壳由绕球核呈放射状排列的片状镜铁矿组成,表层为红色半透明鳞片状纤铁矿,球核由微晶赤铁矿定向聚合呈圆球形或向外伸出的圆柱形,球粒产出在“三色”层水晶的红棕色间歇层的夹层（0.4~0.7㎜）中;其二具两圈层构造的中空管,管的长轴方向垂直水晶的菱面体单形晶面方向。SEM及EDS测试表明,管中心为空管,内圈为铁黑色片状镜铁矿,外圈为厚度不一的红棕色赤铁矿,管的形貌有滴管状、钟乳状、倒葫芦状,晶出在第二成矿阶段第一世代条带状水晶的条带中。“三色”层及条带状水晶中的包裹体是强酸性氧逸度高、且热动力生长环境条件极不稳定的产物。水晶流体包裹体均一温度及拉曼光谱分析研究,水晶矿属低温热液（150~190℃）成矿,成矿流体的盐度较低, 5.7%~13.2%NaCl_eq,其中紫晶盐度最高（13.2% NaCl_eq）,条带状水晶盐度较低（6% NaCl_eq）。流体包裹体主要由H₂O和SO₂及微量CH₄组成。这项研究对了解铁氧化物生长机理、生长速率、生长环境热动力条件变化及成矿阶段划分都具重要意义,同时对研究现今表生氧化环境所形成铁氧化物种类、机理也有现实指导意义。     

Petrology and geochemistry of post-collisional Middle Eocene volcanic units in North-Central Turkey: Evidence for magma generation by slab breakoff following the closure of the Northern Neotethys Ocean

The Eocene volcano-sedimentary units of Northern Anatolia are confined into a narrow zone trending parallel to the Intra Pontide and İzmir–Ankara–Erzincan sutures, along which the northern branch of the Neotethys Ocean was closed during a period between Late Maastrichtian and Paleocene. The Middle Eocene formations overlie both the imbricated and highly deformed units of the suture zone, which are Paleocene or older in age, as well as the formations of adjacent continental blocks with a regional disconformity. Therefore, they can be regarded to be post-collisional. These units are composed of subaerial to shallow marine sedimentary beds (i.e. the Örencik formation) at the base and a subaerial volcanic unit (i.e. the Hamamözü formation) in the middle and at the top. This sudden facies change from marine to subaerial environment in the Middle Eocene is a common phenomenon across northern Turkey, implying that a regional uplift event occurred possibly across the suture zone before the initiation of the volcanism during Lutetian. The Middle Eocene lavas span the whole compositional range from basalts to rhyolites and display a calc-alkaline character except for alkaline to mildly-alkaline lavas from the top of the sequence. All lavas display a distinct subduction signature. Our geochemical data indicate that calc-alkaline lavas were derived from a subduction-modified source, whereas alkaline to mildly-alkaline lavas of the late stage were possibly sourced by an enriched mantle domain. Magmas evolved in magma chambers emplaced possibly at two different crustal levels. Magmas in deeper (> 13 km) and possibly larger chambers fractionated hydrous mafic minerals (e.g. amphibole and biotite), two pyroxenes and plagioclase and assimilated a significant amount of crustal material. Intermediate to acid calc-alkaline lavas and pyroclastics were derived from these chambers. Magmas in the shallower chambers, on the other hand (~ < 12 km), crystallized anhydrous mineral assemblages, assimilated little or no crustal material and fed basic to intermediate lavas in the region. Both deep and shallow chambers were periodically replenished by mafic magmas. We argue that a slab breakoff model explains better than any alternative model (i) why the volcanism during the Middle Eocene was confined into a rather narrow belt along the suture zone, (ii) why it initiated almost contemporaneous with a regional uplift after the continental collision event, (iii) why it postdated arc volcanism along the Pontides in the north by 15–20 My, (iv) why it assimilated significant amount of crustal material, and (v) why alkalinity of lavas increased in time.     

城市化进程下北京平原渗流场与地面沉降发展演化模拟

北京地面沉降已有60多年的历史,其发生发展与半个多世纪城市的快速扩张密不可分.从整个北京平原地下水系统出发,梳理多年时间序列(1950-2015年)的城市发展规模、人口、水资源及开采动态等数据,结合遥感技术解译不同年代北京平原的不透水面变化,分析其对降雨入渗补给量的影响;构建整个北京平原含水层-弱透水层三维结构系统,借助PMWIN软件建立区域尺度的地下水流-地面沉降耦合模型,利用长期水位及沉降观测数据对模型进行识别验证;开展长时间序列的北京平原地下水水头场与地面沉降演化模拟,研究快速城市化进程下北京平原多层含水层系统渗流场演变与地面沉降响应特征.研究表明:长时间尺度区域地下水流场-地面沉降演化模拟基本再现了地面沉降形成和发展演化的过程;北京地下水开采历史与地面沉降发展历史具有一致性,而不同沉降区地面沉降发展受地下水开采和城市发展双重控制,是二者综合作用的结果.     

中国地方政府科技财政支出对企业创新产出的影响研究——来自工业企业数据库的证据

自主创新是中国重要的国家战略之一,各级政府纷纷给予企业创新活动多方面的财政支持。然而,经济地理学很少考察政府财政支持对创新的具体效应,其他学科对这一问题的研究也缺乏定论。为弥补这一缺憾,本文运用工业企业数据库的大样本数据和多层次回归模型,分析了全国地级市政府科技财政支出对当地企业创新产出的影响。研究结果表明,地方政府对创新的支持效果存在异质性。从全国整体情况看,地方政府科技支出对企业创新产出的影响不显著,但东部地区、大城市例外;政府科技支出对国企和大中型企业的促进作用更强。该结论对于政府检视地方政府科技扶持政策效果和调整政府在科技创新方面的财政分配方案具有参考意义。     

中国电子信息产业创新网络与创新绩效研究

采用国家知识产权局1985~2013年中国电子信息产业联合申请发明专利信息数据,借助Ucinet、ArcGIS、Stata等分析工具,对中国电子信息产业创新网络特征、结构、演化、绩效进行了分析。研究发现：① 知名高校和大型企业是中国电子信息产业创新网络重要的科学知识源和技术知识源,也是创新合作优先连接主体,与美国跨国公司、西欧中小企业是创新网络科技知识源的特点不同;② 创新网络呈现“核心-边缘”模式,创新网络结构的“小世界网络”特征越来越明显;③ 本市、境外是创新合作最重要的空间载体,地理邻近有助于隐性知识交流,在国内合作创新网络构建中发挥着重要作用,技术邻近是促成境外合作创新的重要基础,进一步验证了Bathelt等学者倡导的关系经济地理学假说;④ 提高网络地位、占据结构洞位置能够提升主体创新绩效;⑤ 创新网络内部作用机理的地域差异明显,网络结构根植性对发达地区创新一般有负面影响,地理邻近对发达地区创新主体的创新绩效影响不显著,但地理邻近却有利于欠发达中西部地区创新主体间的隐性知识交流,有助于创新绩效的提高。因而,应引入“网络资本”来分析网络主体的创新绩效,弥补中心地理论中基于规模等级分析主体创新能力的传统做法。     

滇西宝兴厂喜山期复式岩体锆石标型特征及成因意义

文章运用Pupin的锆石群型研究方法,对滇西宝兴厂喜马拉雅期复式岩体中锆石的鉴定和统计,研究表明,本区复式岩体中的锆石有18种亚型,主要由{100}、{110}柱面和{111}、{311}锥面组成,其中柱面以{100}特优发育,锥面以{111}最为发育;众所周知,温度、酸性、碱性程度等对晶形的发育影响很大,本次研究锆石结晶速度较快,结晶温度较低,且在偏碱性的环境下形成的。锆石的结晶标型显示本区复式岩体是以壳源为主的壳幔混合成因的花岗岩,具有富水、富碱、富含成矿物质的特征,成为有利成矿的岩浆系统。     

泰山景区地闪分布特征及与海拔高度关系研究

我国因雷击造成的森林火灾和景区人员伤亡时有发生,近年来,泰山景区也多次发生雷击森林火灾和设备损坏等事故。为了有效地避免或降低雷击对泰山景区的危害,利用2007—2018 年山东省闪电定位系统监测的地闪资料,对泰山景区闪电活动特征及其与地形、海拔的相关性进行分析,从而为有效地开展防雷减灾服务及为地方政府部门决策提供技术支撑。 结果表明：虽然不同年份的落雷次数有所差别,但每年不同海拔高度落雷次数的分布特征比较一致,泰山景区年均地闪密度为1.82 次?km-2?a-1,地闪密度较高的区域集中在主峰和主峰西北方4 ～7 km附近山顶区域;地闪活动的季节性分布特征明显,夏季（6—8月）地闪次数约占全年总地闪次数的86.86%,海拔900 m以下落雷次数较多;日落雷次数的高峰时段为14:00—20:00,落区集中在200～800 m之间;正闪强度均值随海拔升高波动较大,负闪强度随海拔的变化较小;地闪密度随海拔升高呈现上升趋势,海拔高度＜800 m的区域地闪密度随海拔增加呈缓慢上升的趋势,海拔高度＞1 000 m的区域地闪密度随海拔增加呈明显上升的趋势,同时发现随海拔高度的增加地闪密度和陡度呈现增大和增高的趋势,800 m以上尤其明显,可见泰山景区地闪密度与陡度和海拔高度呈现较好的正相关性。     

The Strandja Massif and the İstanbul Zone were once parts of the same palaeotectonic unit: new data from Triassic detrital zircons

Spatially continuous rock assemblages that share similar environmental evolution or structural features can be classified as a single tectonic unit. This approach enables to link dispersed units or massifs with each other and sometimes can be subjective, depending on the classification criteria. The relationship and the nature of the contact between the Strandja Massif and the ?stanbul Zone have been controversial due to the Cainozoic cover. Amalgamation of these units was claimed as early as the Aptian-Albian.

Lower Triassic sedimentary rocks, which are overlain by the Carboniferous flysch with a N-verging thrust fault are exposed NW of the ?stanbul Zone. This study reveals the spatial relationship between the Strandja Massif and the ?stanbul Zone deduced from the U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopes of the detrital zircons from these Lower Triassic clastics. Our results show that the early Triassic basin was fed from a provenance that included arc-related Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian magmatic rocks which is much more likely to be the Strandja Massif than the ?stanbul Zone. The second outcome of this study is that a unit that previously assigned to Palaeozoic turned out to be Triassic, which brings the Strandja Massif farther to the east, into the northern ?stanbul Zone.     

大气气溶胶密度观测研究进展

大气气溶胶的气候效应、环境效应、健康效应均与其物理化学性质密切相关,其中,密度是大气气溶胶重要的物理性质之一。密度影响着粒子的输送过程和在人体肺部的沉积过程。密度可以分别将电迁移率粒径和空气动力学粒径,数浓度和质量浓度联系起来。密度的变化可为气溶胶的形成和老化过程提供信息,细粒子分粒径的密度还可为大气过程和化学组分的演化提供参考依据。因此,研究大气气溶胶密度对了解气溶胶化学组分,评估气溶胶形成过程以及探究气溶胶在人体内的沉积效率具有重要的意义。由于国内在该领域研究总体较少,对大气气溶胶密度的定义、研究方法、国内外研究进展以及影响因素和变化特征等进行较为系统的总结,对未来开展大气气溶胶密度的观测和研究十分必要。