西秦岭新生代高钾质玄武岩流体组成及其地幔动力学意义

西秦岭新生代高钾质玄武岩是认识大陆碰撞俯冲体制下地幔流体组成及深部动力学的岩石探针。本文采用分步加热质谱法测定了西秦岭高钾质玄武岩中斑晶及基质的流体化学组成和碳同位素组成,结果表明流体组分在200~400℃、400~800℃和800~1200℃阶段性释出,以H₂O为主,其次为CO₂和SO₂,并含有相对较高的He含量。从橄榄石斑晶到斜长石斑晶和基质H₂O和CO₂逐步升高。橄榄石斑晶流体挥发份主要释气峰温度(900~1200℃)明显高于中国东部地幔捕虏体及其它地区超镁铁质岩体中的橄榄石,流体组份以SO₂和CO₂等氧化性组份为主,其CO₂的δ¹³C值(-26.21‰~-20.85‰,平均-23.32‰)和CH₄的δ¹³C值(-42.35‰~-38.17‰,平均-40.03‰)低于基质的δ¹³C_CO2值(-16.43‰~-11.67‰,平均-13.22‰)和δ¹³C_CH4值(-44.22‰~-34.03‰,平均-39.70‰)。基质中CO₂和CH₄碳同位素组成具有机质热裂解特征。原始岩浆的流体挥发份主要为SO₂、N₂和CO₂,可能起源于较深的混杂地幔源区、演化于高f_O2的环境。流体挥发份化学和同位素组成表明高钾质玄武岩浆挥发份中存在地幔和地壳来源组分,幔源岩浆上升演化过程中可能加入了大量的H₂O和CO₂等,可能存在碳酸岩岩浆的混合或岩浆穿透区域碳酸盐地层的混染;其中的再循环壳源组分可能为古特提斯洋闭合俯冲或其后华北克拉通与扬子克拉通碰撞相关的再循环壳源沉积物脱出的流体组分。     

富水水库中微生物成因的显微针铁矿及其对微量元素的富集

通过对湖北省富水水库坝基渗漏水及其析出物的研究，探讨了现代沉积环境（水库）中显微铁矿物形成的机理及微生物在铁的生物矿化中的作用和意义。对析出物中微量元素的富集特征也进行了初步研究。用化学分析方法测试出坝基渗漏水中阳离子以Ca^2 、Mg^2 、K^ 、Na^ 为主，Fe^2 和Fe^3 含量极少，阴离子以HCO3^-为主。析出物的化学成分以铁的氧化物为主。采用X射线衍射、差热分析、红外光谱和穆斯堡尔谱，以及透射电镜和扫描电镜等测试手段，分析研究了析出物的物相和形貌特征。析出物的主要矿物相为针铁矿、石英、伊利石、蒙脱石和微量方解石，呈弱结晶状态。由析出物中显微针铁矿特殊的形貌特征及其特征的穆斯堡尔谱图推测出富水水库沉积环境中显微针铁矿是由铁细菌形成。ICP－MS测试测试结果表明，析出物中不仅富集了铁，还富集了Yb、Pb、Dy、Zn、Co、Be、Eu、Sm和Tb等微量元素。微量元素的富集是微生物与显微针铁矿共同作用的结果。     

2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震对周围地区的静态应力影响

基于九寨沟M_S7.0地震的破裂模型及均匀弹性半空间模型,本文计算了该地震在周围主要活动断层上产生的库仑应力变化、在周围地区产生的应力场和位移场和同震库仑应力变化对余震的触发.结果表明：（1）九寨沟地震造成虎牙断裂中段库仑破裂应力有较大增加,已经超过0.01 MPa的阈值,虎牙断裂北段、塔藏断裂中段和岷江断裂北段北部的库仑破裂应力有较大降低,因此尤其要注意虎牙断裂中段的危险性.（2）水平面应力场在该地震震中东西两侧增加（拉张）,张应力起主要作用.在震中南北两侧降低（压缩）,压应力起主要作用.从水平主压和主张应力方向来看,均呈现出条形磁铁的磁场形态.从剖面上的应力场来看,在上盘的面膨胀区域内,大部分点的主张应力方向与地表是垂直的,在其他区域内,主张应力和主压应力均以震中为中心,向外呈辐射状.（3）从地表水平位移场来看,震中东西两侧物质朝震中位置汇聚,南北两侧物质向外流出,在震中处的最大水平位移量达43 mm.从地表垂直位移场来看,震中南北两侧出现明显的隆升,隆升最大值达56.8 mm.震中东西两侧出现明显的沉降,沉降最大值达74.5 mm.从剖面的位移场来看,九寨沟地震为左旋走滑地震,且有一定的正断成分.由分析可以推测该断层破裂在大致22~26 km的深度上就截止了.并推测下盘物质运动的动力来自震源北东东方向（四川块体）深度在6~30 km的下盘下层物质,上盘物质运动的动力来自震源北西西方向（巴颜喀拉块体）深度在0~6 km的上盘上层物质.（4）通过计算不同深度上主震对余震的触发作用可知,主震后的最大余震受到了主震的触发作用,多数其他余震也受到主震的触发作用.主震的发生促使了库仑应力增加地区余震的发生,抑制了一部分库仑应力减少地区余震的发生.     

1955-2005年中国稻田甲烷排放估算

 将稻田甲烷排放模型CH4MOD和GIS空间化数据库结合,模拟估计了中国大陆1955-2005年水稻生长季稻田甲烷排放量。结果表明：中国稻田甲烷排放总体呈增加趋势,1960年代、1970年代、1980年代和1990年代年均排放量分别为（3.18±0.53）、（4.71±0.27）、（5.22±0.24）和（5.79±0.34）Tg,2000-2005年平均排放量为（6.25±0.36） Tg。1960-1975年增加最快,速率为0.167 Tg/a;自1970年代中期开始增加速率减缓,为0.054 Tg/a。中国稻田甲烷排放高值区主要分布在湖南、湖北、江西、广东、广西、江苏和安徽省,约占全国稻田甲烷排放总量的73.2%。自1980年代初以来,东北三省稻田甲烷排放增加显著,这主要归因于该区水稻种植面积的迅速扩大。     

农作物气候适宜度实时判定系统

以旬、月、季、作物生育期为单位时段,根据农作物生长发育所需要的气象条件,把单位时段内气候因子的数量变化,通过模糊数学中隶属函数的方法,转化成对作物生长发育的适宜程度,计算各时段内的温度、降水、日照及光温水综合因子对作物生育影响的适宜度,计算结果以表格和图形的方式输出。经过业务试应用,效果良好,所计算的不同作物不同时段的温度适宜度、降水适宜度、日照适宜度、光温水综合适宜度符合实际情况,为定量判定气象条件对农作物影响提供了依据。     

以热量平衡为基础的体感温度模型及气候要素的效应分析

通过对丰季人体热量平衡方程的建立与计算，结合我国不同年龄段人群的新陈谢特点，分别建立了不同的体感温度模型，经与我国目前应用较为广泛的人体舒适度统计模型的计算结果相比较，证明以热量平衡为基础的人体感温度模型更具有普遍性。还分析了风，湿度，辐射对体感温度的影响效应。这些结果将为拓宽舒适度服务范围，建立以人体舒适度为核心的城市气象服务体系提供理论依据。     

西太平洋赤道海域的热量平衡

本文利用1986年11月中国科学院实验3号考察船在西太平洋赤道海域(0°～5°N,130°～150°E)考察所获得的29天辐射资料和同期取得的温、压、湿、风和探空等资料,计算了这一海域11月份的热量平衡各量值和整层气柱的加热量。结果表明:该海域是一个强热源区,其上空大气也是一个强热源区。     

Interdecadal variations of cold air activities in Northeast China during springtime

Based on the daily mean temperature data of CN05.2 from 1961 to 2012, cold events (CEs) are first divided into two categories according to their duration: strong cold events (SCEs) and weak cold events (WCEs). Then, the characteristics of CEs, SCEs, and WCEs during springtime are investigated. The results indicate that in the pre-1990s epoch, ENSO and Arctic Oscillation events in the previous winter are closely related to SCEs in the following spring. The multidecadal variations of CEs, SCEs, and WCEs are obvious. The intensity trend for SCEs is significantly negative, but it seems less apparent for WCEs. Further analysis reveals that when both SCEs and WCEs occur, a typical East Asian trough in the 850- hPa wind field, whose northwesterly wind component invades Northeast China (NEC) and causes freezing days, can be found in every decade. For the SCEs, a cold vortex, with its center located over Okhotsk and northeasterly current affecting NEC, is found as an additional feature. For the WCEs, the cold vortex is located in Karafuto and its northwesterly airflow intrudes into NEC. As for the difference between SCEs and WCEs, the northwestern flow is weaker while the northeastern counterpart is stronger during the SCEs, in all decades. In the Takaya–Nakamura flux and divergence fields, for the SCEs, a divergence center exists over NEC; and over its downstream regions, a stronger divergence center appears, not like a wave train. However, the opposite is the case for the WCEs; moreover, the wave train appears clearly during the WCEs, which means that the wave energy can propagate and dissipate more easily during WCEs.     

A new method of cluster analysis for numerical classification of climate

Summary In this paper, a new method of cluster analysis incorporating a statistical test, was proposed in order to decide whether to accept or reject the assumption of a numerical classification of climate according to a ² test. On the basis of normality of errors, the ² test has been derived from the variance of the Euclidean distance or from that of the reduced distance.This new method of cluster analysis consists of uniform clustering and central clustering. The former is adapted to a more detailed numerical classification of climate, while the latter is appropriate for the large-scale numerical classification of climate. Examples of calculation and application of this new method of cluster analysis are presented in order to illustrate calculations undertaken in the processes of climate classification.     

Comparison of surface variables from ERA and NCEP reanalysis with station data over eastern China

This study compared precipitation, mean air temperature (MAT) and mean sea level pressure (MSLP) from two widely used reanalysis datasets (ERA-40 and NCEP) with those from observed stations across eastern China. The evaluation was based on a comparison of both temporal and spatial variability and included several assessment criteria such as the mean values, normalized root mean square error, Mann–Kendall test, empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) and probability density functions. The results showed that both the ERA-40 and NCEP datasets could capture temporal and spatial variability of the observed precipitation, MAT and MSLP over eastern China. The results showed that the two reanalysis datasets performed better for MAT and MSLP than for precipitation. Overall, the two reanalysis datasets revealed reasonable agreement with observations according to the evaluation. ERA-40 was better at capturing the temporal and spatial distributions for these three variables than NCEP, especially for MAT and MSLP. NCEP tended to overestimate the annual precipitation for both mean and extreme values, while ERA-40 tended to underestimate it, particularly for extreme values. The two reanalysis datasets performed better in the east and northeast regions of the study area than in other regions for capturing the temporal variability of MAT and MSLP. ERA-40 was poor at capturing the temporal variability of precipitation in northeastern China. According to the trend analysis, the two reanalysis datasets showed lower trends for MAT and precipitation and higher trends for MSLP. Both ERA-40 and NCEP had larger explained variances for the first two EOFs than the observed precipitation. This implies that both reanalysis datasets tend to simulate a more uniform spatial distribution for precipitation in the study area.