2015年9月16日智利Mw 8.3级地震:海啸波从近场到远场的特征分析

On September 16, 2015, an earthquake with magnitude of M_w 8.3 occurred 46 km offshore from Illapel, Chile,generating a 4.4-m local tsunami measured at Coquimbo. In this study, the characteristics of tsunami are presented by a combination of analysis of observations and numerical simulation based on sources of USGS and NOAA. The records of 16 DART buoys in deep water, ten tidal gauges along coasts of near-field, and ten coastal gauges in the far-field are studied by applying Fourier analyses. The numerical simulation based on nonlinear shallow water equations and nested grids is carried out to provide overall tsunami propagation scenarios, and the results match well with the observations in deep water and but not well in coasts closed to the epicenter. Due to the short distance to the epicenter and the shelf resonance of southern Peru and Chile, the maximum amplitude ranged from 0.1 m to 2 m, except for Coquimbo. In deep water, the maximum amplitude of buoys decayed from9.8 cm to 0.8 cm, suggesting a centimeter-scale Pacific-wide tsunami, while the governing period was 13–17 min and 32 min. Whereas in the far-field coastal region, the tsunami wave amplified to be around 0.2 m to 0.8 m,mostly as a result of run-up effect and resonance from coast reflection. Although the tsunami was relatively moderate in deep water, it still produced non-negligible tsunami hazards in local region and the coasts of farfield.     

海上丝绸之路起点——泉州港岸线变化的遥感动态研究

泉州港作为古代海上丝绸之路的起点,今天又成为21世纪“一带一路”的新起点。本文以泉州港1990-2014年共6期的Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像为数据源,综合应用遥感和GIS技术提取了泉州港的海岸线及海域变化信息,从海岸线的长度、变化速率、分形维数、海域变化面积和海域利用类型5个方面进行海岸线变化及其驱动力分析。研究表明：近24年来,泉州港海岸线长度增加了37.78 km,海岸线的形状总体稳定,但在局部有明显变化。海岸线变化导致的海域变化面积为68.02 km²,其中,建设用地(城市和港口建设)占用的比例最大,围海养殖也是一个重要的利用类型。但泉州港围填海新增面积的利用率不高,超过一半的围填海面积尚未被合理地开发利用。总的来看,新城区建设、临港工业产业兴起和农渔业发展导致了泉州港海岸线的变化。     

Speciation analysis of arsenic compounds in seafood by ion chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Ion chromatography-ultra violet-hydride generation-Atomic Florescence Spectrometry was applied to detect 5 arsenic species in seafoods. The arsenic species studied include arsenobetaine(As B), arsenite(As(III)), dimethylarsinic acid(DMA), monomethylarsonic acid(MMA), and arsenate(As(V)), which were extracted from samples using 2% formic acid. Gradient elution using 33 mmol L~(-1) CH_3COONH_4 and 15 mmol L~(-1) Na_2CO_3 with 10 mL CH_3CH_2OH at pH 8.4 allowed the chromatographic separation of all the species on a Hamilton PRP-X100 anion-exchange column in less than 8 min. In this study, an ultrasound extraction method was used to extract arsenic species from seafood. The extraction efficiency was good and the recoveries from spiked samples were in the range of 72.6%–109%; the precision between sample replicates was higher than 3.6% for all determinations. The detection limits were 3.543 μg L~(-1) for As B, 0.4261 μg L~(-1) for As(III), 0.216 μg L~(-1) for DMA, 0.211 μg L~(-1) for MMA, and 0.709 μg L~(-1) for As(V), and the linear coefficients were greater than 0.999. We also developed an application of this method for the determination of arsenic species in bonito, Euphausia superba, and Enteromorpha with satisfactory results. Therefore, it was confirmed that this method was appropriate for the detection of arsenic species in seafood.     

山东省无棣县地热资源回灌技术条件初探

通过对无棣地区地热资源地质条件进行分析,结合实施的回灌试验,从回灌结果、回灌热储条件、回灌设备等方面进行综合分析,并对回灌可行性进行了研究,认为无棣地区进行地热资源回灌技术可行,为今后该区地热资源回灌提供了技术服务。     

基于极限学习机的干旱区潜在蒸发量模拟

准确地模拟干旱区潜在蒸发量,对区域水资源的合理开发利用与生态环境保护具有十分重要的意义。以极限学习机（ELM）模型为基础,以古浪河流域的乌鞘岭、古浪两个典型气象观测站点为对象,将气象因子的不同组合作为输入参数,构建了适合当地的潜在蒸发量模型。利用构建的模型对乌鞘岭、古浪气象观测站点的月潜在蒸发量进行了模拟,将模拟结果与支持向量机（SVM）模型模拟结果进行了对比,发现ELM模型在干旱区月潜在蒸发量模拟中有更好的适用性,可为干旱地区潜在蒸发量的估算提供新方法和思路,是资料有限条件下潜在蒸发估算的有效方法。     

2008年汶川M_S8.0地震多断裂破裂的近地表同震滑移及滑移分解

为深入理解汶川地震破裂的构造运动机制,我们选取典型的观测点,利用多种地质地貌标志测绘分析得到了汶川MS8.0地震发震断裂的近地表三维同震滑移矢量。结果显示,北川-映秀断裂上的白水河-高川破裂段北西盘沿88°方位角水平滑移2.58m、垂直滑移3.70m;安县-灌县断裂上的白鹿-汉旺破裂北西盘沿134°方位角水平滑移1.63m,垂直滑移2.00m;小鱼洞破裂带南西盘沿76°~79°方位角水平滑移2.15~2.71m,垂直滑移1.36~1.51m。平行的白水河-高川破裂段和白鹿-汉旺破裂段合计形成1.72m右旋走滑和3.49m垂直断裂带的NW向水平缩短,总滑移方向(106°)与断裂带整体走向(42°)呈64°夹角,整个龙门山推覆构造带处于斜向挤压的构造环境。结合震源过程反演成果的分析显示,斜滑的白水河-高川破裂段和逆冲型白鹿-汉旺破裂段可能是在汶川地震最大的一次子事件过程中以滑移分解的形式同时破裂形成的,滑移分解作用使两条断裂以斜滑与逆冲组合的力学性质产生破裂而非相同性质的斜滑破裂。小鱼洞破裂以低角度斜滑为主,可能是安县-灌县断裂与北川-映秀断裂以滑移分解形式同时破裂的纽带。小鱼洞断裂是龙门山断裂带长期处于斜向挤压的构造环境的产物,不只是逆冲断裂系中的简单捩断层。     

能源效率对产业结构及能源消费结构演变的响应

伴随人类社会经济发展、人口规模增加、城市化和工业化进程加快,由能源消费迅速增长导致的碳循环非对称性加剧与全球气候变化已成为当前世界各界共同关注的焦点。如何提高能源效率是积极响应节能减排措施、实现社会可持续发展的有效途径。通过分析中国与5 个发达国家能源效率、产业结构、能源消费结构演变特征,建立向量自回归(VAR) 模型、脉冲函数(IRF) 和方差分解函数(VD) 来揭示中国能源效率对产业结构、能源消费结构演变的响应机理。结果显示近40 年来,中国第三产业较第二产业发展对能源效率提高具有更大推动作用,虽第二产业发展与能源效率提高也成正向弱相关,但根据发达国家发展经验,中国第二产业发展对能源效率提高的抑制效应尚未显现,经济发展仍需粗放、耗能工业拉动,另外,中国能源消费过度集中于煤炭能源的结构特征对能源效率的提高具有抑制效应,未来中国能源效率对产业结构、能源消费结构演变的响应具体表现在：① 相较发达国家,中国产业结构调整对能源效率在短期内具有抑制效应,直至中期,能源效率受产业结构调整冲击才呈现持续加大的趋势;② 由于中国“以煤为主”的能源消费结构特征长期存在,其结构调整效应较发达国家滞后显现,发达国家能源消费结构演进的效应也表明短期内能源消费结构调整对能源效率的提高效果不显著;③ 中国产业结构演变对能源效率变动影响程度大于能源消费结构演变影响程度,产业结构调整与升级是影响中国能源效率提高、节能减排政策实施的关键环节。     

振幅衰减特性在地震与爆破识别中的应用

基于小震级地震与爆破事件,从快速识别要求出发,分析了P波初动振幅AI和P波最大振幅AP分别与S波最大振幅AS的幅值比判据及其对事件的识别能力．考虑到传播路径对地震与爆破各振幅的影响,选用合理的振幅随距离衰减公式,分别研究了P波、 S波各振幅随震中距的衰减特征,结果显示爆破振幅衰减比地震快; 在100 km处进行衰减校正后重新计算P波与S波幅值比,得到经过衰减校正后的幅值比AI/AS正确识别率从84%提高到98%,AP/AS正确识别率从92%提高到100%,表明经衰减校正后的幅值比判据可以更好地应用于小震级地震与爆破的识别中．      

南极湖泊沉积物中有机硫组成及其与铁硫化物的联系

本文利用有机硫硫同位素组成(δ34Sorg)及活性铁的黄铁矿化度(DOP)和硫化度(DOS)研究了南极阿德雷岛受企鹅活动影响的Y2湖和未受影响的菲尔德斯半岛燕鸥湖YO沉积物中有机硫的来源组成及其与铁硫化物的联系.结果 表明,Y2沉积物1～15 cm较低的δ34Sorg指示有机质硫化形成的贫34S成岩有机硫(Sdiag)...     

Distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of coastal mudflats on Leizhou Peninsula,China

Mudflats play a vital role in maintaining the dynamic balance between sea and land. To understand the characteristics, sources, and pollution risks of six heavy metals(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Pb) in the coastal mudflats on the Leizhou Peninsula, 257 surface sediment samples were studied using mathematical statistics, correlation analysis, and factor analysis. The results show that the overall concentrations of these heavy metals are low although there are several high abnormal points in the loca...