卫星遥感反演降水研究综述

降水是地球水循环的基本组成部分,具有重要的气象、气候和水文学意义.精准地测量降水及其区域和全球分布,长期以来一直是一个颇具挑战性的科学研究目标。经过近50年的发展,基于可见光、红外和微波等各类卫星传感器的降水反演算法也逐渐发展成熟起来。简要回顾可见光／红外、被动微波、雷达和多传感器联合反演等卫星遥感降水反演的基本原理、...     

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic study of groundwater in the Habor Lake Basin of the Ordos Plateau,NW China

Hydrogeochemistry and isotopes were used to understand the origin and geochemical evolution in the Habor Lake Basin, northwestern China. Groundwater samples were taken, and the isotopic compositions δD, δ¹⁸O and major ions were analyzed. The groundwater can be divided into three types: the Quaternary groundwater, the shallow Cretaceous groundwater and the deep Cretaceous groundwater. The groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by the feldspar weathering and dolomite weathering, the dissolution of Glauber’s salt, and cation exchange. Chemistry of lake water is mainly controlled by evaporation and precipitation. The stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in groundwater cluster along the local meteoric water line, indicating that groundwater is of meteoric origin. Comparing with shallow groundwater, deep groundwater is depleted in heavy isotopes indicating that deep groundwater was recharged during late Pleistocene and Holocene, during which the climate was more wetter and colder than today.     

东半球空间环境地基综合监测子午链简介

“东半球空间环境地基综合监测子午链”（简称子午工程）是我国空间科学领域开工建设的第一个国家重大基础设施项目。子午工程利用沿东半球120°E子午线附近和北纬30°N附近的15个综合性观测台站,运用无线电、地磁、光学和探空火箭等多种探测手段,连续监测地球表面20—30km以上到几百公里的中高层大气、电离层和磁层,以及十几个地球半径以外的行星际的空间环境参数。它将为我国各类用户提供完整、连续、可靠的多学科、多层次的空间环境地基综合监测数据。子午工程总投资1．67亿元,建设期3年,子午工程整体科学寿命预计超过11年。     

乍得Doseo盆地烃源岩评价与油源分析

中非裂谷系Doseo盆地是中石油海外重点勘探区块之一,目前油气勘探程度极低.本文基于Ximenia-1井和Kapok-1井131件岩屑和8件原油样品的系统有机地球化学分析,明确了研究区烃源岩生烃潜力和油气来源.由于受中非构造剪切带活动的影响,在Doseo盆地下白垩统Doba组、Kedeni组和Mangara组发育了半深湖—深湖相的优质烃源岩,其累计厚度可达500 m,烃源岩有机质丰度高(TOC＞3％),有机质类型好(Ⅱ1～Ⅰ型),但有机质成熟度整体偏低(钻遇烃源岩R.介于0.4％～0.8％之间),仅局部达到生排烃高峰阶段.分子标志化合物对比分析表明:原油成熟度普遍高于钻遇烃源岩成熟度,现有油气发现主要源自凹陷中Kedeni组下部或Mangara组上部成熟优质烃源岩,Doba组烃源岩未成熟,油气贡献有限.该研究成果有助于指导下一步油气勘探,助推油气规模储量发现.     

巨野煤田赵楼井田构造发育规律

在野外地质和勘查资料分析的基础上,结合区域构造背景,论述了赵楼井田构造发育、组合及分布规律。研究表明：石炭-二叠纪成煤期后,多期性质、强度不同的构造作用相互叠加、改造,致使赵楼井田构造以断裂为主．褶皱发育次之。断裂构造主要有近NS、NW、NE及NNE向四组,其中以NE、NNE向为主,NW向断层组多为落差、延展长度都较小的断层。断裂以正断层为主,在剖面上主要表现为堑-垒构造组合,这种组合特征不仅使矿井构造更加复杂,而且使煤层的连续性受到破坏。井田东南部断层发育,断层叠加于早期的褶皱之上,破坏了褶皱的完整性．构成井田的构造复杂区。赵楼井田构造发育规律及成因机制的研究为今后矿井建设与生产提供了地质依据。     

TRMM卫星与机载雷达在降雨反演中的数据对比个例研究

热带降水测量卫星（TRMM）上搭载的测雨雷达是第一部能够提供三维降水信息的星载雷达,机载雷达也能够对降雨进行实时观测。由于机载和星载雷达观测有很多共同点,所以选择机载、星载雷达数据进行对比。1998年8月26日NOAA/P3飞机对Bonnie飓风进行了一次观测飞行,与此同时TRMM卫星也同步扫过该区域,因此利用对Bonnie飓风的机、星观测数据对应点数值对比、差值对比、平均值对比等,对Bonnie飓风做了进一步分析。对比结果一致,印证了TRMM数据的可靠性,同时进一步验证了双束立体雷达算法的联合算法的可靠性。     

机载雷达定量测雨中衰减效应的订正研究

星载测雨雷达的应用,必须满足一些主要条件:高的空间分辨率、宽阔的覆盖范围、大的动态降雨测量范围以及精确的点测量等。由于技术条件的限制,满足这些条件的雷达工作在被雨衰减的频率段,因此必须修正由于衰减所导致的误差。对于单波束单频雷达,kZS（衰减系数-雷达反射因子-海表反射率）算法在一个较大的雨强范围内对衰减效应的订正效果较好。本文将kZS应用到在西太平洋进行的国际大型科学考察实验TOGA/COARE中1993年1月和2月间取得机载雷达（和星载雷达频率相近）实测数据,进行雨空间分布的研究,取得了和模拟研究预期相吻合的结果。     

Relationship between the variation of water quality in rivers and the characteristics of watershed at Miyun,Beijing, China

Based on the characteristics of land use and drainage network of the upper watershed of the Miyun Res-ervoir, Beijing, 26 monitoring and sampling sites were selected in different sub-catchments. Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient loss were dealt with in this paper in terms of the monitoring data on the water quality of the main tributaries flowing into the Miyun Reservoir. In combination with the monitoring data on water quality, the impacts of watershed characteristics including land-use type, landscape pattern, and drainage density were assessed, The concentrations of nutrients in the rainy season are higher than those in other seasons, and the concentrations of NO3--N are linearly related to those of total N which is the main form of nitrogen present in the fiver water. The concentrations of nitrogen become higher toward the reservoir along the main rivers. The seasonal variation of ni-trogen in the watershed affected by intensive human activities is very obvious; in the watershed with steady or low water flow, the seasonal variation of nitrogen is less obvious. Forest land and grassland can trap and filter nitrogen effectively. Land-use pattern also has important impacts on the loss of nitrogen. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies show great temporal and spatial variations. On a temporal scale, the concentrations of TN and TP in the rainy reason are higher than those in other seasons. On a spatial scale, the concentrations of TN and NO3--N in the Qingshui River and Chaohe River are highest all the time. The spatial variation of TP is distinct, being obvious at sampling sites near villages. The form of nitrogen and phosphorus loss varies in different hydrological seasons. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in streams in non-rainy seasons, the dissolved nitro-gen and total nitrogen decrease in percentage in the rainy season. Particulate nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in some rivers. The concentrations of TN and NO3--N from orchards and villages are high whereas those from forest land are lowest. Land-use pattern has impacts on TN and NO3--N losses, at the sampling sites near the source landscape, the concentrations are higher than those at the sampling sites near the sink landscape. Water quality of the rivers which flow into the Miyuan Reservior is influenced by the composition of adjacent soils.     

风云三号降水测量雷达技术性能分析

风云三号降水测量卫星主要用于台风等灾害性天气系统强降水的监测,并提供全球中低纬度地区降水的结构信息。降水三维结构的准确测量是通过风云三号降水测量卫星的核心载荷——双频降水测量雷达实现的。首先介绍了风云三号降水测量雷达的主要任务与探测能力要求,然后通过仿真技术对降水测量雷达距离分辨率、水平分辨率、扫描角度、天线旁瓣电平、测量精度、波束匹配精度等主要技术性能指标进行了详细的分析。最后,利用于2010年开展的降水测量雷达样机航空校飞试验评估验证了降水测量雷达的各项功能和主要性能参数。结果表明,风云三号降水测量雷达整体降水探测性能与全球降水测量卫星的双频降水雷达相当。     

柴达木盆地东部尕海短钻岩芯记录的过去近400 a区域环境变化

干旱区湖泊沉积可以有效记录区域湿度变化及粉尘活动历史,位于柴达木盆地德令哈南部的咸水封闭湖泊尕海具有恢复区域环境变化的潜力.该地区的长序列环境演变研究已开展了较多的工作,但缺乏短尺度、高分辨率的近代以来的环境变化湖泊记录.通过对尕海深水区短钻岩芯放射性核素210Pb和137Cs的年代测定和沉积物各指标分析,认为尕海沉积物碳酸盐含量可以反映区域湿度变化;而粗颗粒组分(66.9μm)主要由风力搬运入湖,其含量可以指示区域粉尘活动历史.区域近400 a的环境变化可划分为3个阶段:1633 1750 AD:各指标出现大幅度波动,表现出该时期气候环境的不稳定和干湿交替,其中1650 1720 AD的变化波动尤为显著,这与太阳活动进入Maunder极小期存在一定的联系.1750 1950 AD:区域气候环境无明显波动,碳酸盐含量逐渐降低,湿度增加.1950 2010 AD:各指标变动剧烈,区域虽降水增多,但由于蒸发加强,湿度降低;1974 AD以后粗颗粒组分含量急剧上升,表现出高强度尘暴事件.