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991.
Yinhe Luo Jianghai Xia Yixian Xu Chong Zeng Richard D. Miller Qingsheng Liu 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2009,166(3):353-374
Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method is a non-invasive geophysical technique that uses the dispersive characteristic
of Rayleigh waves to estimate a vertical shear (S)-wave velocity profile. A pseudo-2D S-wave velocity section is constructed
by aligning 1D S-wave velocity profiles at the midpoint of each receiver spread that are contoured using a spatial interpolation
scheme. The horizontal resolution of the section is therefore most influenced by the receiver spread length and the source
interval. Based on the assumption that a dipping-layer model can be regarded as stepped flat layers, high-resolution linear
Radon transform (LRT) has been proposed to image Rayleigh-wave dispersive energy and separate modes of Rayleigh waves from
a multichannel record. With the mode-separation technique, therefore, a dispersion curve that possesses satisfactory accuracy
can be calculated using a pair of consecutive traces within a mode-separated shot gather. In this study, using synthetic models
containing a dipping layer with a slope of 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 degrees and a real-world example, we assess the ability of
using high-resolution LRT to image and separate fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves from raw surface-wave data and accuracy of
dispersion curves generated by a pair of consecutive traces within a mode-separated shot gather. Results of synthetic and
real-world examples demonstrate that a dipping interface with a slope smaller than 15 degrees can be successfully mapped by
separated fundamental waves using high-resolution LRT. 相似文献
992.
The turbulence field of airflow in the lee of a dune has significant impacts on dune dynamics and related processes. We used particle image velocimetry in a wind tunnel simulation to obtain detailed velocity measurements in the lee of two‐dimensional transverse dune models, then used the results to analyse their turbulence fields. The dune models used in this study had a single lee angle of 30°, and a total of six stoss angles: 3°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20° and 25°. We used vorticity, turbulence intensity, Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy to characterize the turbulence fields. These parameters were functions of stoss angle, wind velocity, distance from the dune crest and height above the ground surface. The stoss angles could generally be divided into two groups based on the profiles of mean velocity, turbulence and Reynolds stress. Stoss angles of 3° and 5° usually had similar profiles, and angles of 15°, 20° and 25° formed a second group with similar profiles. The profiles for the stoss angle of 10° were usually transitional and were intermediate between the two groups. Vorticity, Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy increased monotonically with increasing free‐stream wind velocity, but their variations with respect to the stoss angle were complex. The stoss angles of 15° and 20° had the maximum values of these three parameters, thus these angles may have special significance in dune development given the characteristics of the mean velocity fields and turbulence fields they produce within the lee airflow. It is the streamwise velocity component and its turbulence that determine the surface shear stress. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
993.
X. Huang Y. Tian Y.R. Luo H.J. Liu Wei Zheng T.L. Zheng 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(6-12):538
Sublimation was developed by Alley and Brown (2000) in order to isolate bacterial strains that were capable of degrading water insoluble compounds. In this study, sublimation was modified by the use of nutritional agar plates, instead of mineral salt agar, to isolate phenanthrene-degrading bacteria from a mixed culture that had been enriched under the selective pressure of high phenanthrene content. Five strains were obtained with different morphology and degradation ability. Based on the 16S rDNA sequence, two of them were classified as species of the genus Sphingomonas; the others as species of the genus Burkholderia. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was introduced to detect dynamic changes in the bacterial community during enrichment batch culture, and to determine any correlation between the five isolates and the phenanthrene-degrading consortium. The DGGE profile indicated that these five isolates corresponded to four dominant bands of the consortium. Compared to traditional means of isolation, we concluded that modified sublimation is effective and more convenient. 相似文献
994.
Modelling raindrop impact and splash erosion processes within a spatial cell: a stochastic approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A new approach is proposed to simulate splash erosion on local soil surfaces. Without the effect of wind and other raindrops, the impact of free‐falling raindrops was considered as an independent event from the stochastic viewpoint. The erosivity of a single raindrop depending on its kinetic energy was computed by an empirical relationship in which the kinetic energy was expressed as a power function of the equivalent diameter of the raindrop. An empirical linear function combining the kinetic energy and soil shear strength was used to estimate the impacted amount of soil particles by a single raindrop. Considering an ideal local soil surface with size of 1 m × 1 m, the expected number of received free‐falling raindrops with different diameters per unit time was described by the combination of the raindrop size distribution function and the terminal velocity of raindrops. The total splash amount was seen as the sum of the impact amount by all raindrops in the rainfall event. The total splash amount per unit time was subdivided into three different components, including net splash amount, single impact amount and re‐detachment amount. The re‐detachment amount was obtained by a spatial geometric probability derived using the Poisson function in which overlapped impacted areas were considered. The net splash amount was defined as the mass of soil particles collected outside the splash dish. It was estimated by another spatial geometric probability in which the average splashed distance related to the median grain size of soil and effects of other impacted soil particles and other free‐falling raindrops were considered. Splash experiments in artificial rainfall were carried out to validate the availability and accuracy of the model. Our simulated results suggested that the net splash amount and re‐detachment amount were small parts of the total splash amount. Their proportions were 0·15% and 2·6%, respectively. The comparison of simulated data with measured data showed that this model could be applied to simulate the soil‐splash process successfully and needed information of the rainfall intensity and original soil properties including initial bulk intensity, water content, median grain size and some empirical constants related to the soil surface shear strength, the raindrop size distribution function and the average splashed distance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
995.
样品处理与保存方法对表层沉积物中金属形态分析的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用改进的Tessier连续萃取法研究了冷藏、冷冻、冻干、烘干和风干等样品处理与保存方法对表层沉积物中金属形态的影响。结果表明:各样品处理与保存过程对沉积物中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn及Pb的形态均具有不同程度的影响,其中Fe的形态受其影响最小(<3.3%),Mn的形态受其影响最大(最高可达10.2%);冻干对各金属形态的影响最小(<4.6%);烘干和风干对重金属Cu、Zn和Pb的可交换态(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)和非残渣态(Ⅰ-Ⅴ)分布影响较大,而冷藏、冷冻和冻干的影响相对较小。因此,综合考虑重金属的形态分布及其生物可利用性,冻干是较理想的沉积物样品处理与保存方法。 相似文献
996.
997.
Techniques have been developed for the vegetative propagation of Tetraena mongolica,a rare and endangered species endemic to the western Ordos Plateau in the northcentral portion of China.The purpose of the study was to investigate the rooting characteris-tics of the plant species from the aspects of length and ages of cuttings,external hormone concentration,leaf retention,cutting orientations,and cutting positions.The results obtained from the experiments indicated that the rooting ratio of 2-year or 3-year old cuttings was larger than more than of 4-year old cuttings.The influence of external hormone concentration on rooting was ob-vious;the rooting ratio of cuttings was increased by external hormone treatment,especially when treated by ABT1(ABT No.1 Rooting Powder) 50 mg/L for 3 hours,in which case,the rooting ratio reached 91 percent.Leaf retention influenced rooting sig-nificantly;the rooting rate of cuttings became greater as the leaf retention increased.There was no significant difference in rooting capability between south and north orientations of the ortets.The rooting ratio of the cuttings obtained from the distal portions of shoots was significantly larger than those obtained from the middle and the basal portions of the shoots.On day three after treat-ment,calluses started appearing at the incisions of some cuttings dipped in 500 mg/L IAA(indole acetic acid).Most cuttings were healed or swelled,and 6 percent of cuttings rooted on day 6 after treatment.Higher rooting period occurred 7-10 days after the experiment was set up. 相似文献
998.
地理格网模型研究进展 总被引:14,自引:2,他引:12
地理格网系统起源于早期的制图研究,并发展成为表达复杂地理现象、综合分析自然与人文数据、模拟地理系统功能与行为的基本方法。地理格网系统的组成包括格元、格边和格点,格元代表了区域面状特征,格点确定了格元的基本位置和点状特征,格边用于度量格元间的通量关系。在现代地球测量技术驱动下,地理格网系统的功能从传统的地图定位框架与地理现象表达,进一步拓展出多源地理空间数据融合、地理综合分析等新功能。研究椭球空间下的地理格网系统构建模型、误差分布、地学计算等是地理格网系统研究的前沿和基础性科学问题。 相似文献
999.
1000.
Finite element modeling on a highly conceptualized 2-D model of fluid flow and heat transport is un-dertaken to simulate the paleo-hydrological system as if the Mount Isa deposits were being formed in the Mount Isa basin, Northern Australia, and to evaluate the potential of buoyancy force in driving ba-sin-scale fluid flow for the formation of sedimentary-exhalative (SEDEX) deposits. Our numerical case studies indicate that buoyancy-driven fluid flow is controlled mainly by the fault penetration depth and i... 相似文献