The climatic impacts of land use and land cover change compared among countries

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) strongly influence regional and global climate by combining both biochemical and biophysical processes. However, the biophysical process was often ignored, which may offset the biogeochemical effects, so measures to address climate change could not reach the target. Thus, the biophysical influence of LULCC is critical for understanding observed climate changes in the past and potential scenarios in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the mechanisms and effects of large-scale LULCC on climate change through changing the underlying surface, and thus the energy balance. The key scientific issues on understanding the impacts of human activities on global climate that must be addressed including: (1) what are the basic scientific facts of spatial and temporal variations of LULCC in China and comparative countries? (2) How to understand the coupling driving mechanisms of human activities and climate change on the LULCC and then to forecasting the future scenarios? (3) What are the scientific mechanisms of LULCC impacts on biophysical processes of land surface, and then the climate? (4) How to estimate the contributions of LULCC to climate change by affecting biophysical processes of land surface? By international comparison, the impacts of LULCC on climate change at the local, regional and global scales were revealed and evaluated. It can provide theoretical basis for the global change, and have great significance to mitigate and adapt to global climate changes.     

Evaluation of the Forecast Accuracy of Near-Surface Temperature and Wind in Northwest China Based on the WRF Model

This study investigated the performance of the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in predicting near-surface atmospheric temperature and wind for a complex underlying surface in Northwest China in June and December 2015. The spatial distribution of the monthly average bias errors in the forecasts of 2-m temperature and 10-m wind speed is analyzed first. It is found that the forecast errors for 2-m temperature and 10-m wind speed in June are strongly correlated with the terrain distribution. However, this type of correlation is not apparent in December, perhaps due to the inaccurate specification of the surface albedo and freezing–thawing process of frozen soil in winter in Northwest China in the WRF model. In addition, the WRF model is able to reproduce the diurnal variation in 2-m temperature and 10-m wind speed, although with weakened magnitude. Elevations and land-use types have strong influences on the forecast of near-surface variables with seasonal variations. The overall results imply that accurate specification of the complex underlying surface and seasonal changes in land cover is necessary for improving near-surface forecasts over Northwest China.     

Case studies of ERS-1 altimeter data applicating in China Sea

1 IwrRODUcrIONAn initial field of wave height in a computing domain is needed fOr integration ofnumerical wave model. Because real time. observation ocean data are scarce, now most ofinitial fields of ocean wave is produced by either reckoning wind fields or preceding 24hour prediction results. It is possible to form an initiaI field of ocean wave along with the..increasing satellite data, ship report and buoy data. Some of research works have beendone abroad (Janssen et a1, l989; LionelI…     

华北克拉通南缘汝阳群大型具刺疑源类时代再厘定及早期真核生物群演化意义*

华北克拉通南缘汝阳群中以大型具刺疑源类为代表的真核生物群的时代归属问题一直存在争议。新近在豫西汝州阳坡村洛峪群洛峪口组中获得的凝灰岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为1639±13Ma,结合熊耳群和汝阳群已获得的其他年龄数据,将这类形态复杂的真核生物群出现的时间限定在1.75—1.64Ga,即中元古代的早期。这说明,过去一直被认为的代表进化程度较高但仅属于新元古代的一些真核生物群,其实在中元古代早期就已经出现了;由此可以进一步推测,在更古老的地层中应有更原始的微体化石出现,从而华北克拉通南缘中元古界(>1.60Ga)将成为探寻最古老真核生物祖先的重要窗口。同时,将这些在中元古代早期就已经出现并在以后较长地史时期都存在的真核生物群用于标定地层形成时代或作为相关地层的对比标志,值得重新考虑和商榷。     

电厂直接空冷风机系统扰力测试研究

为了确定直空冷风机系统产生的扰力,运用无线动态应变测试技术对风机轴进行动应变测试,准确地测出了风机在不同工况下运行时产生的对桥架的扰力,为国内空冷自主化设计提供了参考。风机扰力由四个主要成份组成:1.由转子质量偏心引起的扰力;2.由扇叶平面外振动引起的扰力;3.由空气反作用力引起的扭矩;4.由空气反作用引起的竖直向下的轴向力。     

山东胶莱盆地白垩纪恐龙足迹与骨骼化石埋藏沉积相与古地理环境

化石埋藏学的核心内容就是要研究不同规模生物化石埋藏的沉积相,恢复沉积环境,了解化石形成和被埋藏前、后的古地理背景。大规模化石记录埋藏学的研究代表着目前国际上发展趋势,重点探索集群灭绝的古地理、古环境与保存作用。中国具有丰富的恐龙化石资源,目前已经成为全球命名恐龙属种最多的国家,相继发现了从侏罗纪到白垩纪的若干恐龙化石遗迹或骨骼埋藏点。胶莱盆地发育着完整的白垩纪陆相(莱阳群-青山群-王氏群,130~65 Ma) 地层和沉积记录。早白垩世莱阳群以河流及湖泊相沉积物为主;青山群为中酸性火山岩、火山碎屑岩,间夹沉积岩。晚白垩世王氏群下部以冲积扇、泥石流和辫状河道相的沉积物和岩石组合为主;中部则为滨浅湖与河流粉砂岩细砂岩泥页岩灰质土（古土壤）韵律沉积;上部和顶部为冲积扇泥石流、辫状河和洪泛平原粉砂泥质砾岩砂岩砾岩的韵律序列,局部夹玄武岩,反映了晚白垩世末期古地理、古沉积环境已从早白垩世相对湿润和温热的冲积、湖泊环境转变为燥热、干旱的冲积环境。胶莱盆地早白垩世的生物群面貌（脊椎动物、昆虫和植物等）与华北北部热河生物群基本相同,除保存少量的小型恐龙（鹦鹉嘴龙）或翼龙骨骼化石外,还保存了大量的兽脚类、蜥脚类和鸟脚类足迹（群）化石（莱阳群）。诸城晚白垩世王氏群中上部发育集群埋藏的恐龙骨骼化石,已发现恐龙属种10余个,包括3种角龙、3种暴龙、2种鸭嘴龙以及甲龙和虚骨龙等,其中鸭嘴龙占绝大多数（95% 以上）。恐龙化石多为无关联的各类骨骼,少数半关联的小个体恐龙,分选差,混杂堆积。通过诸城恐龙化石埋藏地地层及其沉积相研究,识别出泥石流、洪泛平原和辫状河道3种恐龙化石埋藏沉积相、微相类型,其中泥石流相是最主要的埋藏沉积相,代表了晚白垩世中期恐龙集群埋藏沉积事件和动力机制。莱阳地区王氏群上部和顶部为紫色、砖红色砾岩砂岩粉砂岩灰质土韵律沉积,属于洪泛平原和辫状河道沉积微相组合,代表着晚白垩世末期燥热、干旱的冲积环境。恐龙化石大都埋藏在大型辫状河道微相之下的洪泛平原微相中。化石呈分散或孤立状,有不同程度的磨蚀或破损,关联或半关联者少见,表明经过一定距离的搬运或改造作用。文章最后简述了胶莱盆地以及白垩纪古地理环境、古生态、恐龙动物群的演化或耦合作用。     

攀西地区基性-超基性岩地球化学及嵌套韵律层的分形动力学研究

攀西地区层状基性 -超基性岩体从下到上具有套叠式韵律结构的特征 ,这种韵律由岩石的颜色、矿物的成分、结构等表征。在长期的地球重力作用下 ,物质的液态分异或固相结晶分异为层状岩体韵律成因的关键。提出用类似于 Cantor分形集合法构筑重力分异时空分形集合 ,结果以色谱条带图和直方图表达 ,并与攀枝花层状岩体的野外岩石观察的颜色韵律以及岩体实测的矿物成分、长石的 An号码进行了对比 ,表明岩体实测数据与构筑的重力分异时空分形理论图式很相似 ,揭示了攀西层状基性 -超基性岩体的套叠式韵律结构在成因上具有时空分形的特征     

准噶尔盆地夏盐凸起石南31井区下白垩统清水河组一段物源分析

准噶尔盆地夏盐凸起石南31井区下白垩统清水河组为1套砂泥岩互层沉积,前人关于清一段沉积相和物源方向的研究成果较少。通过岩心观察和描述以及岩屑录井、分析化验资料的综合研究,从碎屑百分含量、砾岩厚度分布以及锆石-电气石-金红石指数（ZTR指数）、泥岩颜色分区等方面对物源方向进行了判断。综合分析表明：石南31井区清一段沉积时期的物源不是单一方向的,而是随时间推移,物源方向有所变化。碎屑百分含量分析发现清水河组一段第二砂层组第1砂层（K1q 2-11）和清水河组一段第一砂层组第3砂层（K1q 1-31）沉积时期的物源主要来自东南方和北方;清水河组一段第一砂层组第1砂层（K1q1-11）沉积时期物源方向发生了重大变化：东南方的物源消失,物源的变化主要是由于清一段晚期地层发生掀斜运动,导致古地理面貌由早期的南高北低变为北高南低。砾岩的厚度分布、重矿物ZTR指数分析及泥岩颜色分区也反映了相似的特征。综上所述,石南31井区在清一段沉积时期主要存在两个方向的物源：一为东南方向,一为北方,而且在一定时期,两个方向的物源各有一定的影响范围。由早到晚,北方物源由北向南逐渐深入,到晚期影响了整个研究区,早期东南方物源也为主要物源,到晚期退出了研究区范围。     

大民屯凹陷古近系沙河街组三段扇三角洲前缘沉积生物扰动特征

为探究陆相扇三角洲前缘沉积生物扰动特征,以辽河拗陷大民屯凹陷沈检5井古近系沙河街组三段扇三角洲前缘沉积岩芯为研究对象,对生物遗迹化石进行了鉴定,统计了垂向剖面上生物扰动层厚度和扰动指数的分布特征.依据主微量元素参数反映的沉积条件,探讨了生物扰动层厚度和扰动指数与沉积环境的响应关系.研究结果表明,沈检5井S34Ⅱ和S34...     

金迁移的一种可能机理——羰基络合物

本文提出金迁移的一种可能机理，一价金与一氧化碳结合形成〔Ａｕ（ＣＯ）２〕＾＋。它可能是成矿流体中金迁移的重要形式。