Mass-transport Deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation, Songliao Terrestrial Basin, Northeast China: Depositional Characteristics, Recognition Criteria and External Geometry

Extensive mass transport deposits（MTDs）, which form a significant component of the stratigraphic record in ancient and modern deep water systems, mostly distributed in the continental margin of ocean basins worldwide. To date, no large-scale MTDs have been found in Chinese terrestrial basins. Based on integrated analysis of the seismic, drilling, core and logging data, this article report MTDs have been found in Songliao terrestrial basin（SLTB）, Northeast China. During the depositional period of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation, slope break of lacustrine basins was an ideal discharge place for gravity depositions. Regional sedimentary study of MTDs reveals that Cretaceous-age MTDs in SLTB were deposited in slope-break environments by slide, slump and debris flow, and MTDs were mixed with little turbidite simultaneously. Besides the massive aspect, key features of MTDs are the common presence of deformational structures or softsedimentary deformation, floating shale clasts, boudins, microfaults, distortion beddings, rotated sand debris. Detailed mapping of two three-dimensional（3-D） seismic surveys acquired in Yingtai（YT） and Haituozi（HTZ） areas reveals that MTDs are characterized by chaotic, mounded, and transparent seismic reflection. Growth fault, slope gully and geomorphology of the slope break greatly influenced the sedimentary process and external geometry of MTDs, and as a consequence, MTDs in SLTB exhibit classic fan-like geometry and some special（non-fan-like） external geometry. Furthermore, fanlike MTDs can be divided into three subcategories, including isolated fan, mother-son fan and stacked fan. Non-fan-like MTDs can be divided into two subcategories, strip-like MTDs and faulted-pit MTDs. A new sedimentary model has been built for MTDs in SLTB. MTDs have become a new exploration and development target in the SLTB.     

Relating twin-tunnelling-induced settlement to changes in the stiffness of soil

Acta Geotechnica - Recent research has shown that in a parallel twin-tunnel arrangement, the 2nd tunnel generates greater settlement than the 1st tunnel as the soil between the two tunnels softens....