基于电气〖CD*2〗几何理论的建筑物受雷击致物理损害概率计算

雷电灾害风险国家标准GB/T217142-2008风险管理中,把雷击建筑物导致物理损害的概率PB作为防雷级别(LPL)的函数取值,没有考虑建筑物的尺寸等参数,较为笼统。本文利用电气〖CD*2〗几何理论（Electro Geometric Model, EGM）,建立雷电击中建筑物的模型,研究PB与建筑高度、接闪器高度及安装位置等建筑物本身的参数关系,结合雷电流概率模型推导出更加有针对性的PB计算方法。将此方法用于实体建筑物PB值的计算,与国标给出的值进行比较。结果表明,使用EGM算法计算PB比使用国标给出的参数和方法计算的建筑物雷击风险值普遍增大。论证了这种方法的实用性意义。     

青藏高原隆升速率对冻土层形成影响的数值模拟

青藏高原隆升速率是研究者们关注的问题。由于海拔升高引起地表温度降低,形成了现今的青藏高原冻土层。抬升速率不同,冻土层的形成历史和现今状态也会不同,因此,冻土层内可能包含了高原抬升的有关信息。本文用有限元方法计算了同一地点分别用2Ma时间和5Ma时间由1000m抬升到5000m的两种抬升速率下的情景。计算表明快速抬升和慢速抬升形成的冻土层厚度会有一定的差别,慢速抬升时有更长的热传导时间,形成的冻土层略厚,冻土层年龄较老。所以存在通过现今冻土层厚度、温度随深度变化、以及冻土年龄等资料,并在测得冻土准确参数的条件下,有助于估测青藏高原隆升的时间和过程。     

Construction and application of coastal zone image map based on uncontrolled point technology

Using the tight connection of direct geolocation technique and large-scale digital aerial photography system, the authors carried out the high-precision aerial remote sensing survey in Binhai New Area of Tianjin and Caofeidian New Area of Tangshan, West Bohai Bay. The application of uncontrolled point technology gets rid of the dependence on the base station for aerial remote sensing, and also overcomes the shortcoming of the rarity of ground stations in the surrounding areas of the coastal zone. Utilizing the 0.3 m high-resolution true-color aerial photography images and high-precision positioning and orientation elements, the authors have successfully constructed the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Orthophoto Map (DOM), which meet the requirements of 1:10 000 scale indexes in plane and altitude. These fill the gap in the basic geological information of high-precision aerial remote sensing in Binhai New Area and the intertidal belt of Caofeidian Coastal Zone. On the basis of high-resolution satellite data, remote sensing interpretation has been used for land type classification and coastline extraction, which provides detailed and reliable geographic information for the thematic maps of remote sensing geological interpretation, geological ecological environment and disasters. The results show that the application of tightly coupled airborne position and orientation system (POS) and uncontrolled technology shortens the mapping cycle of DEM and DOM, reduces a lot of ground measurement workload and saves manpower and material expenditure. The research can provide some new technical support and working ideas for geological survey in coastal zone working areas.     

多年冻土区土壤多环芳烃污染研究进展

多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）是一种难降解、毒性强的致癌性污染物,其广泛分布于各环境介质中,陆地环境中90%的PAHs累积在土壤中。随着资源的开发,由油品泄漏、垃圾渗滤、污水排放等行为造成的多年冻土区PAHs土壤污染问题日益突显,并且在气候变化背景下,多年冻土中的PAHs具有重新释放而造成二次污染的风险,多年冻土区土壤多环芳烃污染分布特征和迁移规律研究对评估多年冻土区生态环境风险,防治土壤持久性有机物污染,保障广大多年冻土居民生命健康安全具有重要意义。通过回顾目前国内外多年冻土区土壤中PAHs污染的相关研究,分析发现多年冻土区未受污染的土壤中PAHs的污染水平远低于中低纬度人口密集区域,可代表地球土壤中PAHs的背景值;高纬度或高海拔的地理位置以及严寒的气候使得冻土区土壤中PAHs一个普遍且最重要的来源是大气远距离传输;活动层的冻融作用主要通过改变土壤理化性质和控制水分运移方向影响PAHs在多年冻土区土壤中的垂向分布特征,多年冻土的低渗透性具有阻碍PAHs垂向迁移的作用。综合分析已有研究成果,表明目前冻土区土壤PAHs污染研究还是大量集中于表层土壤中的污染分布调查和来源解析,而关于PAHs在活动层和多年冻土层中的垂向迁移研究还仅限于对其在土壤剖面中分布状况的解释性分析,冻融作用对PAHs在土壤中的迁移、转化和归宿的影响机制还不清楚。未来多年冻土区土壤中PAHs的研究将集中于迁移转化机理与污染治理技术两方面,针对PAHs在多年冻土区土壤中迁移行为的模拟模型亟待研究开发,以实现PAHs污染储量和迁移通量的定量预测;此外,多年冻土区土壤污染问题的深入研究还需要紧密联系多圈层、多界面、多介质、多要素以及多目标污染物而开展。     

Progression of backward erosion piping with sudden and gradual hydraulic loads

Acta Geotechnica - With the utilization of underground space, backward erosion piping (BEP) has been observed in many underground structures. Different from BEP in embankments or river dikes, the...     

Equation of state of synthetic qandilite Mg<Subscript>2</Subscript>TiO<Subscript>4</Subscript> at ambient temperature

Using a diamond-anvil cell and synchrotron X-ray diffraction, the compressional behavior of a synthetic qandilite Mg_2.00(1)Ti_1.00(1)O₄ has been investigated up to about 14.9 GPa at 300 K. The pressure–volume data fitted to the third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state yield an isothermal bulk modulus (K _T0) of 175(5) GPa, with its first derivative \(K_{T0}^{{\prime }}\) attaining 3.5(7). If \(K_{T0}^{{\prime }}\) is fixed as 4, the K _T0 value is 172(1) GPa. This value is substantially larger than the value of the adiabatic bulk modulus (K _S0) previously determined by an ultrasonic pulse echo method (152(7) GPa; Liebermann et al. in Geophys J Int 50:553–586, 1977), but in general agreement with the K _T0 empirically estimated on the basis of crystal chemical systematics (169 GPa; Hazen and Yang in Am Miner 84:1956–1960, 1999). Compared to the K _T0 values of the ulvöspinel (Fe₂TiO₄; ~148(4) GPa with \(K_{T0}^{{\prime }} = 4\)) and the ringwoodite solid solutions along the Mg₂SiO₄–Fe₂SiO₄ join, our finding suggests that the substitution of Mg²⁺ for Fe²⁺ on the T sites of the 4–2 spinels can have more significant effect on the K _T0 than that on the M sites.     

基于无控技术的海岸带影像图构建与应用

运用直接地理定位技术和大幅面航空数字摄影系统的紧密捷联,开展渤海湾西部天津滨海新区和唐山曹妃甸新区的高精度航空遥感调查工作。无地面控制点技术的应用摆脱了航空遥感对基站的依赖,也克服了海岸带周边地区地面基站稀少的局限。利用获取的0.3 m高空间分辨率真彩色航摄影像和高精度定位定向元素,成功构建了平面与高程均符合1:10 000比例尺指标要求的数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)和数字正射影像图(digital orthophoto map,DOM),填补了天津滨海新区和唐山曹妃甸新区海岸带潮间带高精度航空遥感基础地质信息的空白,同时结合高分卫星数据,在土地类型分类、海岸线提取等方面开展了遥感解译应用,为进行遥感地质解译、地质生态环境与灾害等要素的专题图制作提供详实可靠的地理信息基础数据。研究结果显示,紧耦合机载定位定向系统(position and orientation system,POS)无控技术的运用缩短了DEM和DOM成图作业周期,减少了大量地面测量工作,节约了人力和物力支出,为海岸带工作区开展地质调查提供了新的技术支撑和工作思路。     

车辆荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的静动响应现场试验

为研究车辆荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的静动力响应规律,以330国道K139+100~K139+400路段的模块式加筋土挡墙为原型,通过埋设动静土压力盒、柔性位移计以及加速度计等元器件,测试了车辆荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的筋材拉应变、面墙后侧向土压力、加筋体后侧向土压力和挡墙的侧向变形等。结果表明:车辆荷载作用时,挡土墙面墙上部的响应加速度远大于下层;当车辆荷载作用在加筋体上时,车辆行车距离对加筋体内产生的动土压力影响不大,当车辆荷载作用在加筋体后时,车辆行车距离对加筋体内的动土压力大小及分布模式有很大影响。无论是在车辆静载作用下还是在车辆动载作用下,加筋体后侧向土压力远大于面墙后的侧向土压力。