异常冷冬的短期气候预测方法探讨

本文通过对四川省广安市近50年冬季气候资料的聚类分析,研究冷冬气候的演变规律;结合太阳黑子活动资料、夏季极端异常气候事件分析,发现广安市异常冷冬年的发生发展和一月太阳黑子活动存在着密切的相关关系,与本市盛夏期间极端气候事件有明显的周期性对应关系;从而探索得出对异常冷冬年的短期气候预测方法,为准确预测冷冬,特别是预测异常冷冬将发挥重要的作用。     

我国渔港沉积物的重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

分析了青岛、宁波、舟山、厦门、深圳、珠海、澳门、茂名和三亚共9个渔港（包括综合港口区）表层沉积物中的Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Co和Ni等典型重金属元素的含量,探讨了其可能的来源。采用沉积物质量基准法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,评价了各渔港重金属的污染状况和潜在生态风险。结果表明：（1）渔港沉积物中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的富集较为严重,位于珠江三角洲的渔港重金属含量显著高于其他渔港,尤其是Cu和Zn,最高含量分别达到1249mg／kg和664mg／kg,而Cd和Pb的污染也不容忽视;（2）珠三角渔港具“高”或“中等”潜在重金属生态风险,其中Cu和Cd具有高的潜在生态风险,其他渔港均属低生态风险,渔港总的潜在生态风险由高至低顺序为：澳门〉深圳〉珠海〉茂名〉三亚〉厦门〉青岛〉宁波〉舟山;（3）渔港沉积物中重金属主要来自工业废水、生活污水、污灌土壤以及大气沉降的污染和渔船防护漆的使用。而船体防护漆中Cu／氧化亚铜的大量使用是渔港中Cu污染的主要来源。     

Patterns and implications of plant-soil δC and δN values in African savanna ecosystems

Southern African savannas are mixed plant communities where C₃ trees co-exist with C₄ grasses. Here foliar δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C were used as indicators of nitrogen uptake and of water use efficiency to investigate the effect of the rainfall regime on the use of nitrogen and water by herbaceous and woody plants in both dry and wet seasons. Foliar δ¹⁵N increased as aridity rose for both C₃ and C₄ plants for both seasons, although the magnitude of the increase was different for C₃ and C₄ plants and for two seasons. Soil δ¹⁵N also significantly increased with aridity. Foliar δ¹³C increased with aridity for C₃ plants in the wet season but not in the dry season, whereas in C₄ plants the relationship was more complex and non-linear. The consistently higher foliar δ¹⁵N for C₃ plants suggests that C₄ plants may be a superior competitor for nitrogen. The different foliar δ¹³C relationships with rainfall may indicate that the C₃ plants have an advantage when competing for water resources. The differences in water and nitrogen use likely collectively contribute to the tree-grass coexistence in savannas. Such differences facilitate interpretations of palaeo-vegetation composition variations and help predictions of vegetation composition changes under future climatic scenarios.     

Eocene potassic and ultrapotassic volcanism in south Tibet: New constraints on mantle source characteristics and geodynamic processes

In the Yangbajing area, southern Tibet, several monogenic volcanoes were conformably superimposed on the Linzizong calc-alkaline volcanic successions. According to their petrologic and geochemical characteristics, these monogenic volcanoes are composed of three rock varieties: tephritic phonolitic plugs and shoshonitic and trachytic lavas. Their geochemical systematics reveals that low-pressure evolutionary processes in the large voluminous Linzizong calc-alkaline magmas were not responsible for the generation of these potassic–ultrapotassic rocks, but the significant change in petrologic and geochemical characteristics from the Linzizong calc-alkaline to potassic–ultrapotassic magma is likely accounted for the change of metasomatic agents in the southern Tibetan lithospheric mantle source during the Paleocene to Eocene. The tephritic phonolites containing both leucite and plagioclase show primary ultrapotassic character similar to that of Mediterranean plagioleucititic magmas. Radiogenic Sr increases with SiO₂ in the xenolith-bearing trachytes strongly suggesting significant crustal assimilation in the shoshonitic magmas. The Yangbajing ultrapotassic rocks have high K₂O and Al₂O₃, and show depletion of high field strength elements (HFSEs) with respect to large ion lithophile elements. In primitive mantle-normalized element diagrams, all samples are characterized by positive spikes at Th (U) and Pb with negative anomalies at Ba, Nb–Ta and Ti, reflecting the orogenic nature of the ultrapotassic rocks. They are characterized by highly radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i) ratios (0.7061–0.7063) and unradiogenic ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_(i) (0.5125), and Pb isotopic compositions (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.688–18.733, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.613–15.637, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.861–38.930) similar to the global subducting sediment. Strong enrichment of incompatible trace elements and high Th fractionation from the other HFSEs (such as Nb and U) clearly indicate that the Th-enriched sedimentary component in a network veined mantle source was mainly introduced by sediment-derived melts. In addition, the ultrapotassic rocks have significant Ce (Ce/Ce* = 0.77–0.84) and Eu (Eu/Eu* = 0.72–0.75) anomalies, suggesting a subduction sediment input into the southern Tibetan lithospheric mantle source. In contrast, high U/Th (> 0.20) and Ba/Th (> 32) and low Th/La (< 0.3) in the shoshonites indicate that the Eocene potassic magma originated from partial melting of the surrounding peridotite mantle pervasively affected by slab-related fluid addition from the dehydration of either the subducting oceanic crust or the sediment. Thus, at least two different subduction-related metasomatic agents re-fertilized the upper mantle. According to the radiometric ages and spatial distribution, the Gangdese magmatic association shows a temporal succession from the Linzizong calc-alkaline to ultrapotassic magmas. This indicates a late arrival of recycled sediments within the Tibetan lithospheric mantle wedge. The most diagnostic signatures for the involvement of continent-derived materials are the super-chondritic Zr/Hf (45.5–49.2) and elevated Hf/Sm values (0.81–0.91) in the ultrapotassic rocks. Therefore, the occurrence of orogenic magmatism in the Gangdese belt likely represents the volcanic expression of the onset of the India–Asia collision, preceding the 10 Ma Neo-Tethyan slab break-off process at 42–40 Ma. The absence of residual garnet in the mantle source for the ultrapotassic volcanism seems to imply that the southern Tibetan lithosphere was not been remarkably thickened until the Eocene (～ 50 Ma).     

李伍铜矿床控矿构造地质特征及演化模式探讨

四川李伍铜矿床是我国西南地区一个中型富铜矿床，其矿床历经了多期次的构造演化和叠加。江浪穹隆体的变形变质对早期的矿源层具改造、矿液初步富集作用；构造岩性层控制了李伍铜矿床的产出与分布，Ｓ３期沿Ｓ２面理发育起来的大型平卧褶皱控制了矿体的空间形态，成穹阶段形成的滑脱剪切带是矿液运移的通道，也是找矿的有利场所，该带中次级逆冲断面及ＥＷ向挤压时期形成的Ｓ３面理挠曲是容矿空间，变形与成穹作用双重机制对该矿床构造的形成至关重要。     

水文地质参数计算方法探讨

阐述了水文地质参数的重要性,及其发展和尚需完善的方面。推出可以解决基岩裂隙、溶隙含水层坐标距离与水力距离不一致问题的导水系数计算方法。该方法的特点是简捷,能较直观地判别含水层主要水文地质参数的大小,具有很高的可靠性。     

基于强度折减法的韩城煤矿边坡稳定性分析

将有限元强度折减理论应用于边坡稳定性分析中,运用ANSYS大型有限元分析软件,基于Drucker-Prager（D-P）屈服准则,采用力和位移的收敛标准作为破坏判据,进行边坡的稳定性分析。当折减系数达到某一数值时,非线性有限元静力计算将不收敛,滑面上的位移将产生突变,边坡内一定幅值的广义剪应变自坡底向坡顶贯通,此时认为边坡已破坏,并定义此时的折减系数即为稳定系数。文中以韩城煤矿节理岩质边坡为例,运用该方法进行了稳定性分析并与并与传统的Bishop法、Janbu法等方法对比。计算结果表明,有限元强度折减法能更加真实地反映边坡的实际情况,求得的边坡稳定系数更接近边坡的实际稳定状态,显示出其在边坡稳定性分析中的一定优势。     

鄂西地区牛蹄塘组钼钒矿地质特征及找矿远景探讨

寒武系下统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系广泛分布于鄂西地区,层内现已发现众多的钼钒矿床(点),其形成条件具有热水沉积与正常海相沉积双重特征,成矿系统总体上处在海侵体系域陆棚盆地还原沉积环境,期间由区域性断裂构造的热水喷流提供多种金属元素来源,经炭质、粘土矿物吸附作用沉积成矿,其中Ni、Mo与喷流作用最为密切,钒与生物化学作用密切,具有较好的找矿远景。     

渤海湾西岸细砂质潮间带的成因分析

根据在海河口南缘至独流减河岸段潮间带地区采集的36个表层和1个无扰动柱状沉积物样品的粒度分析结果,探讨了该岸段的粒度分布特征.结果表明:平面上(自南向北),该潮间带表层沉积物由粉砂质砂变为细砂,呈逐渐变粗、分选性变好的趋势;垂向上,潮间带表层45 cm以下主要为粉砂质砂和粘土质粉砂的互层沉积,向上,渐变为细砂或极细砂,显示向上变粗、分选性变好的趋势.这一向北、向上变粗、分选变好的总趋势,是近半个世纪以来因海河防潮闸的修建而使河流泥砂输运能力降低、近岸海洋影响增强的海河三角洲退化的现代过程的反映.