Estimating satellite phase fractional cycle biases based on Kalman filter

Phase fractional cycle biases (FCBs) originating from satellites and receivers destroy the integer nature of PPP carrier phase ambiguities. To achieve integer ambiguity resolution of PPP, FCBs of satellites are required. In former work, least squares methods are commonly adopted to isolate FCBs from a network of reference stations. However, it can be extremely time consuming concerning the large number of observations from hundreds of stations and thousands of epochs. In addition, iterations are required to deal with the one-cycle inconsistency among FCB measurements. We propose to estimate the FCB based on a Kalman filter. The large number of observations are handled epoch by epoch, which significantly reduces the dimension of the involved matrix and accelerates the computation. In addition, it is also suitable for real-time applications. As for the one-cycle inconsistency, a pre-elimination method is developed to avoid iterations and posterior adjustments. A globally distributed network consisting of about 200 IGS stations is selected to determine the GPS satellite FCBs. Observations recorded from DoY 52 to 61 in 2016 are processed to verify the proposed approach. The RMS of wide lane (WL) posterior residuals is 0.09 cycles while that of the narrow lane (NL) is about 0.05 cycles, which indicates a good internal accuracy. The estimated WL FCBs also have a good consistency with existing WL FCB products (e.g., CNES-GRG, WHU-SGG). The RMS of differences with respect to GRG and SGG products are 0.03 and 0.05 cycles. For satellite NL FCB estimates, 97.9% of the differences with respect to SGG products are within ±?0.1 cycles. The RMS of the difference is 0.05 cycles. These results prove the efficiency of the proposed approach.     

华北克拉通东缘金岭杂岩体岩浆源区及构造背景:来自岩相学、岩石地球化学及年代学的证据

金岭杂岩体由细粒黑云角闪闪长岩、中细粒黑云角闪闪长岩、中细粒黑云角闪二长闪长岩和细粒角闪二长闪长岩组成,是鲁西地区典型矽卡岩型富铁矿(金岭铁矿)控矿岩体。本次研究对细粒黑云角闪闪长岩和细粒角闪二长闪长岩进行了锆石LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb定年,其结果分别为129.2±3.2 Ma和132.8±1.2 Ma,表明该杂岩体的侵位时代为早白垩世。样品SiO2、K2O和Na2O含量分别介于54.17%~63.73%、1.92%~4.76%和3.10%~5.41%之间,K2O/Na2O为0.58~0.94,A/CNK为0.60~0.93,具有轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损的右倾型稀土配分模式,轻、重稀土分馏程度中等((La/Yb)N=9.94~23.49),Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.84~1.10),具中—弱负Ce异常(δCe=0.56~0.92)。样品以富集大离子亲石元素(Ba、K、U、Pb等)、亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)以及高Sr/Y为特征。金岭杂岩体为燕山晚期岩浆活动产物,属准铝质高钾钙碱性系列,岩浆主要来源于富集岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,并在岩浆上升侵位的过程中有地壳物质的同化混染。燕山晚期华北克拉通在古太平洋板块俯冲后后撤引起的板内伸展环境下,增厚陆壳减薄阶段,岩浆上侵就位形成金岭杂岩体。     

Drought prediction using in situ and remote sensing products with SVM over the Xiang River Basin,China

Natural Hazards - Droughts have caused many damages in many countries and might be aggravated around the world. Therefore, it is urgent to predict and monitor drought accurately. Soil moisture and...     

Study on failure mechanism of a plain irrigation reservoir soil bank slope under wind wave erosion

Natural Hazards - The wind wave erosion is one of the main factors of the soil bank slope retreat in plain irrigation reservoirs, which plays an important role in the bank profile evolution and...     

Public cognition and response to earthquake disaster: from the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan to the 2013 Mw6.6 Lushan earthquakes in Sichuan Province,China

Natural Hazards - China is one of the countries most affected by earthquakes. Improving public cognition and response to earthquake disaster (EDCR) is an effective means to reduce seismic risk and...     

Identifying rainfall threshold of flash flood using entropy decision approach and hydrological model method

Natural Hazards - Flash flood disaster, with strong suddenness and tremendous destructiveness, is one of the most severe natural disasters in China that seriously threaten the lives and property...     

基于Sentinel-1和DEM数据的南岭高植被覆盖区地形线性特征提取方法

在南岭高海拔山脉、植被茂密等地区开展地质调查难度大,人员和物资难以进入,因此需提前根据该区域的地形线性特征合理设计野外调查路线;此外地形线性特征可为区域构造运动信息的认知提供辅助知识.遥感技术以其宏观性、多尺度、多层次的特点成为地质研究和地质勘查的重要手段,然而在高植被覆盖区,常见的光学影像难以穿透植被,而微波雷达遥感则因为较好的植被穿透性,使得其应用成为可能.因此,提出了一种基于雷达卫星Sentinel-1和数字高程模型（digital elevation model,DEM）数据的地形线性特征提取方法.该方法首先利用似然比边缘检测算法提取Sentinel-1影像中的边缘特征,然后对DEM进行线性特征增强以生成山体阴影影像,再利用Canny边缘检测算子提取DEM数据中的山脊线与山谷线等主要线性特征,以DEM提取出的特征线为中心建立缓冲区并与雷达影像的提取结果做相交处理,将得到的线性特征利用道格拉斯-普克算法进行局部直线拟合,最后得到研究区的地形线性特征.结果表明,该方法综合考虑了雷达影像的微观细节信息和DEM数据的宏观趋势信息,在保留主要线性地形特征的同时剔除了伪边缘和噪声点,提取效果较好.      

Groundwater head uncertainty analysis in unsteady-state water flow models using the interval and perturbation methods

In the numerical simulation of groundwater flow, uncertainties often affect the precision of the simulation results. Stochastic and statistical approaches such as the Monte Carlo method, the Neumann expansion method and the Taylor series expansion, are commonly employed to estimate uncertainty in the final output. Based on the first-order interval perturbation method, a combination of the interval and perturbation methods is proposed as a viable alternative and compared to the well-known equal interval continuous sampling method (EICSM). The approach was realized using the GFModel (an unsaturated-saturated groundwater flow simulation model) program. This study exemplifies scenarios of three distinct interval parameters, namely, the hydraulic conductivities of six equal parts of the aquifer, their boundary head conditions, and several hydrogeological parameters (e.g. specific storativity and extraction rate of wells). The results show that the relative errors of deviation of the groundwater head extremums (RDGE) in the late stage of simulation are controlled within approximately ±5% when the changing rate of the hydrogeological parameter is no more than 0.2. From the viewpoint of the groundwater head extremums, the relative errors can be controlled within ±1.5%. The relative errors of the groundwater head variation are within approximately ±5% when the changing rate is no more than 0.2. The proposed method of this study is applicable to unsteady-state confined water flow systems.

     

二叠系火山碎屑岩气藏天然气地球化学特征及气源分析——以四川盆地成都—简阳地区永探1井为例

2018年12月底,在四川盆地二叠系火山岩发育地区部署的风险探井永探1井测试获得22.5万m³/d的高产工业气流,实现了二叠系火山碎屑岩的重大勘探突破,展现了火山碎屑岩气藏的巨大勘探潜力。本文根据该钻井成果资料,应用分析化验数据,采用不同地区气-气对比方法,开展了成都—简阳地区天然气地球化学特征分析、源-储接触关系解剖及气源综合对比。在此基础上,对二叠系火山碎屑岩气藏天然气成因进行了鉴别,对天然气来源进行了判识。结果表明：永探1井火山岩气藏天然气均为典型的干气,干燥系数达0.997,CH₄质量分数高,平均为99.03%,C₂H₆质量分数低,平均为0.35%,C₃H₈几乎没有,不含H₂S;天然气甲烷、乙烷碳同位素值均较轻,甲烷碳同位素平均值为-32.17‰,乙烷碳同位素平均值为-34.27‰,且岩心及镜下可见大量残余沥青,天然气成因鉴别分析表明永探1井火山岩气藏天然气为原油二次裂解气;通过源-储接触关系解剖以及天然气甲烷、乙烷碳同位素对比分析,表明永探1井火山碎屑岩气藏天然气主要来源于德阳—安岳台内裂陷内发育的巨厚下寒武统筇竹寺组优质烃源岩,部分来源于中二叠统。     

贵州兴义雄武背斜菁角地区龙潭组含铀砂岩地球化学特征及其意义

菁角地处于兴义市雄武背斜核部南东翼南西段,大地构造位置位于扬子板块与华南板块的结合部.前人主要对该地区的金矿进行了矿点地质特征、构造特征、矿体形态等方面的研究,但对岩石学特征、铀的赋存形式以及地球化学特征研究较少.本次研究利用TIMA扫面、显微镜下观察、地球化学分析等方法对矿石、围岩的岩石学特征、地球化学特征、风化作用和分选、源区岩石类型、铀的赋存形式等方面进行探究.TIMA扫面以及显微镜下观察的结果表明铀的赋存形式是以弥散状充填进黏土化(高岭石)裂隙中.菁脚地区地球化学分析显示,龙潭组砂岩中w(SiO2)为51.30％～91.55％,围岩主要类型为亚岩屑砂岩,矿石以及矿化岩石为岩屑砂屑岩,CIA(73.83～82.53)以及ICV指数表明矿石及矿化岩石较围岩成熟度高、风化程度强.测试样品均有较强的U正异常,含量为4.78～772.00×10-6,且U与∑REE,Sb元素呈现明显正相关,Zr与∑REE呈强的正相关(R=1).菁角地区铀的来源是热液在上升过程中萃取围岩中的铀,沿着层间构造破碎带充填进成熟度较高的黑色砂岩中富集而成,结合菁角地区岩石学特征、地球化学特征以及铀的赋存形式,推测菁脚金(铀)矿床为低温热液矿床.