上浮极限状态下饱和土的浮力模型试验和理论分析

饱和黏土中的长期浮力是否需要折减是一个具有争议的问题。为研究饱和黏土中的长期浮力是否小于相同水头高度下的静水压力,通过地基上浮失稳的模型试验,实测了上浮极限状态下（即有效应力约等于0时）饱和砂土和黏土中的浮力折减系数。实验装置由模型槽、土样、凡士林、浮筒、配重及压重设施组成,通过浮筒上浮瞬间的受力平衡得到失稳时的实际上浮力。实验测得饱和砂土中的浮力折减系数为1,饱和高岭土和饱和蒙脱石中的浮力折减系数分别为0.973±0.024和0.959±0.016。试验结果表明上浮极限状态下,饱和土中的浮力与纯水中的浮力差别很小。即便在高塑性黏土中,模型基础失稳时受到的上浮力与纯水中的浮力相比,仅折减了不到5%。基于饱和土有效应力原理的分析表明,上浮极限状态下的浮力折减系数与土样固结前的Skempton B值互为倒数。大量实测数据并未发现饱和黏土的Skempton B值明显大于1,故饱和黏土的浮力折减系数也不可能显著小于1。本文模型试验和理论分析表明,在地基抗浮承载力验算时,饱和黏土中的长期浮力不宜进行显著折减。     

湖北远安上奥陶统庙坡组鹦鹉螺动物群

前人曾经报道过湖北宜昌庙坡组的鹦鹉螺化石,但鹦鹉螺动物群的详细面貌特征仍鲜为人知。湖北远安真金剖面庙坡组产丰富的笔石、少量的腕足类、三叶虫、鹦鹉螺化石等,时代为中奥陶世末期至晚奥陶世桑比早期,在该组中新发现许多保存较完好的鹦鹉螺化石,多以立体黄铁矿化形式保存,少量以炭质薄膜的方式保存。经鉴定有4属5种,包括Lituites ningkiangense Lai,Lituites sp.,Ancistroceras sp.,Michelinoceras sp.和Cyclolituites sp.,其中以Lituites居多,可与国内外同期地层所产出的Lituites进行对比。在晚奥陶世全球古地理复原图的基础上重建Lituites的地理分布,显示该属主要分布在中低纬度热带海洋,并局限于冈瓦纳大陆东北边缘块体和瑞克洋东西两侧。     

内蒙古特拜金矿流体包裹体特征与成矿作用

华北地台北缘西段是我国重要的金矿成矿区,目前为止已发现了浩尧尔忽洞、朱拉扎嘎、赛乌素、碱泉子、卡修他他等多个规模不等、不同成因的的金矿床,显示出较大的成矿潜力。特拜金矿是近年来在华北地台北缘西段新发现的一个中型金矿。为探索该金矿的成矿机制,本文对特拜金矿开展了矿床地质和流体性质研究。结果表明,特拜金矿-赋存于早古生代的碳质板岩、碳质千枚岩中。矿体展布受黑色岩系、NW向F2断裂带和NE向F8断裂带的共同控制。矿区周边出露华力西期特拜石英闪长岩和管材陶鲁盖花岗岩等岩浆岩。该金矿从早期成矿阶段到晚期成矿阶段,流体包裹体的均一温度从300℃~350℃逐渐降低到150℃~200℃,盐度从16wt%NaCleqv~20wt%NaCleqv逐渐降低到1wt%NaCleqv ~4wt%NaCleqv;流体的气相组成以CH4-N2-CO2为特征,δDV-SMOW为-91.6‰~-84.5‰,δ18OH2O为2.8‰~3.5‰之间,流体相对富集Ba、Pb、Sr等元素,相对亏损Rb、Th、Nb、Zr、Y、Yb等元素。成矿流体主要来源于岩浆期后热液,可能混合了少量的大气降水。成矿流体处于一种还原性、低温的环境下,金在流体中以Au(HS) 2- 络合物的形式迁移。流体向上运移过程中,因温度、压力的降低而发生不混溶现象,并导致金的沉淀。     

Geochemistry of organic matter and elements of black shale during weathering in Northern Guizhou,Southwestern China: Their mobilization and inter-connection

Different from previous studies on effect of weathering upon geochemical variation along a single weathered profile, this paper provides a new methodology validated by comparing a weathered outcrop samples and their stratigraphic counterpart un-weathered core samples in a nearby shallow borehole. This outcrop and borehole penetrated the Ordovician-Silurian Wufeng–Longmaxi shales, located in the same anticline structure in the northern part of Guizhou Province, Southern China. The mineral composition, major, trace and rare earth elements (REEs) composition and Rock-Eval parameters of outcrop and core samples were analyzed and compared. Organic matter (OM) was observed in the microscope and extracted for elements analysis. The results show that short-term weathering still has significant influence on OM, mineral and elemental composition of black shales. The elements composition shows the outcrop profile was moderately weathered. The REEs compositions do not alter much during weathering process and the REEs composition and their relative ratios still are valid for rock origin determination. The OM, mainly composed by graptolite and bitumen, even entering the highly-over thermal maturity, is still sensitive to the weathering with a systematic loss 30–50% of TOC along the outcrop profile, which suggests that the OM consumption is predominantly controlled by weathering duration and the distance from the weathering surface. In turn, OM has significant influence on the trace elements transportation behavior during weathering. Some trace elements associated with the OM such as V, Cr, Th, U, Ni and Co, change significantly in their absolute concentration during weathering, but their relative ratios do not necessarily change too much and might be still reliable proxies for paleo-environmental determination. The mobility of shale minerals during weathering is in the following order: plagioclase?>?potassium feldspar and dolomite >pyrite and OM. Short-term weathering can also result in considerable transportation of elements and significant variation of minerals content in black shale, which may pose potentially high environmental and engineering risk in the regions rich in black shale.     

绿水洞煤矿煤层(成)气赋存与地质条件的关系

依据绿水洞矿井地质构造和煤层构造变形特征,对该矿煤层(成)气赋存运移规律进行了系统的分析,就该矿生产中煤层(成)气涌出及可能产生的动力现象进行了地质评价,认为在矿井深部仍存在沿岩层裂隙和溶洞发生煤层(成)气涌出的可能,田湾向斜东翼为全井田煤层(成)气突出危险程度最高的区域。      

印度尼西亚弗洛勒斯海LGM以来的古海洋学记录

弗洛勒斯海位于印度尼西亚穿越流通道上,它的古海洋学特征对于理解LGM以来穿越流活动历史,及其与全球气候变化的关系具有重要意义．通过对弗洛勒斯海SHI9011岩心δ^18O、δ^13C浮游有孔虫组合及碳酸盐含量等古海洋学记录的研究,认为研究区沉积速率不高,生物生产力却并不低于高沉积速率的近陆地区．冰期时海平面下降,陆源物质输入量增加,使得古生产力上升．冰消期终止期IA海平面快速上升,陆源营养物质供应减少,同时穿越流活动增强,抑制了下部水体向上运动,古生产力开始下降．8～6ka前后,强烈的东南季风使得研究区上升流活动增强．     

新疆阿尔曼太蛇绿岩时代的Nd—Sr同位素地质研究

本文通过测定采自新疆阿尔曼太兔子泉一带蛇绿岩的堆晶辉长岩、辉绿岩和安山玢岩,获得Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ等时年龄为５６１±４１Ｍａ,εＮｄ（ｔ）＝６．１,Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时年龄为３９２±１７Ｍａ,（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ＝０．７０４１,前者为蛇绿岩的形成时代,后者为蛇绿岩遭受后期变质作用的时间。札河坝－阿尔曼太蛇绿岩的形成环境可能是古亚洲洋向南俯冲引起的弧后盆地     

倾斜层位偏移规律研究

层状介质模型是对实际地质情况较为准确的近似。而在实际的数据处理过程中,以等效均匀介质代替层状介质,波传播的几何路径、介质速度的差别会使对倾斜界面位置的判断偏离实际情况。针对设计的理论模型和从测井数据提取的实际介质模型,笔者运用几何射线理论和波场数值模拟技术,定量计算并提取了层状介质模型和等效均匀介质模型两种情况下反射点在时间和空间上的偏移量。结果证明,等效均匀介质模型近似会造成对倾斜界面位置的判断不准确; 准确的速度模型是偏移归位研究的关键,应尽量使用由地震测井资料求得的瞬时速度。     

Black carbon decomposition under varying water regimes

The stability of biomass-derived black carbon (BC) or biochar as a slow cycling pool in the global C cycle is an important property and is likely governed by environmental conditions. This study investigated the effects of water regimes (saturated, unsaturated and alternating saturated–unsaturated conditions) and differences in BC materials, produced by carbonizing corn residues and oak wood at two temperatures (350 °C and 600 °C) on BC degradation at 30 °C over 1 year in a full factorial experiment. Effects of water regime on C loss and potential cation exchange capacity (CECp at pH 7) significantly depended on biomass type. Corn BC was both mineralized (16% C loss for the first year) and was oxidized [1000 mmole(+) kg^?1 C] significantly faster under unsaturated conditions than under other water regimes, whereas oak BC mineralized most rapidly (12%) under alternating saturated–unsaturated conditions with similar oxidation, irrespective of water regime. Over 1 year of saturated incubation, the O/C ratio values did not significantly (P > 0.05) increase even though BC was mineralized by 9% and CECp increased by 170 mmole(+) kg^?1 C, in contrast to unsaturated and alternating saturated–unsaturated conditions. While mineralization and oxidation significantly decreased at higher charring temperature for corn, no difference was observed for oak (P > 0.05). Unsaturated and alternating conditions increased carboxylic and OH functional groups, while they decreased aliphatic groups. The pH increased by about one unit for corn BC, but decreased by 0.2 units for oak BC, indicating strong mineral dissolution of corn BC. Carbon loss strongly correlated with changes in O/C values of both corn BC and oak BC, indicating that oxidation of BC was most likely the major mechanism controlling its stability. However, under saturated conditions, additional mechanisms may govern BC degradation and require further investigation.     

氧化环境对油松花粉保存影响实验研究

花粉保存能力差异是影响花粉谱准确性的重要因素之一,采用KMnO4溶液和HNO3溶液作为氧化剂,模拟自然环境氧化条件对油松花粉保存影响情况.结果表明:同一KMnO4溶液浓度条件下,随时间延长油松花粉完好率呈下降趋势;浸泡相同时间,随KMnO4溶液浓度增大油松花粉完好率亦明显下降.经68%HNO3溶液浸泡18 h后,残留的完好花粉外壁变薄,纹饰变模糊,24 h后花粉几乎完全被溶解.一般认为油松花粉保存能力较强,而经2%KMnO4溶液和68%HNO3溶液处理后,发现在短时间内就足以使油松花粉大量破碎或溶解,表明氧化环境对油松花粉保存影响强烈.氧化环境对油松花粉腐蚀作用强于碱性环境.