南极冰盖接地线研究综述

接地线是内陆固定冰盖和漂浮冰架的分界线,其位置的准确界定直接影响到南极冰盖物质平衡的计算。随着技术的发展,接地线的提取手段已经逐步从小范围的实地无线电回波测厚和GPS探测,发展到大范围的遥感观测。遥感观测主要包括4种技术手段,即流体静力学平衡、坡度分析、重复轨道分析以及差分干涉测量。以遥感观测为基础,国际上已发布5种全南极接地线产品,包括MOA、ASAID、ICESat、MEaSUREs以及Synthesized接地线产品。随着卫星数据源的丰富,改进接地线提取方法并高精度提取接地线,扩大接地线研究的时间尺度并对全南极进行长时序的接地线动态变化监测,结合冰架底部消融、冰底地形和海洋温度等参数,深入分析其变化原因和机制以及接地线变化与气候变化相互关系的建模等,将会成为南极接地线研究的新热点。     

Upper Mississippi embayment shallow seismic velocities measured in situ

Vertical seismic compressional- and shear-wave (P-and S-wave) profiles were collected from three shallow boreholes in sediment of the upper Mississippi embayment. The site of the 60-m hole at Shelby Forest, Tennessee, is on bluffs forming the eastern edge of the Mississippi alluvial plain. The bluffs are composed of Pleistocene loess, Pliocene-Pleistocene alluvial clay and sand deposits, and Tertiary deltaic-marine sediment. The 36-m hole at Marked Tree, Arkansas, and the 27-m hole at Risco, Missouri, are in Holocene Mississippi river floodplain sand, silt, and gravel deposits. At each site, impulsive P- and S-waves were generated by man-made sources at the surface while a three-component geophone was locked downhole at 0.91-m intervals.

Consistent with their very similar geology, the two floodplain locations have nearly identical S-wave velocity (V_S) profiles. The lowest V_S values are about 130 m s⁻¹, and the highest values are about 300 m s⁻¹ at these sites. The shear-wave velocity profile at Shelby Forest is very similar within the Pleistocene loess (12 m thick); in deeper, older material, V_S exceeds 400 m s⁻¹.

At Marked Tree, and at Risco, the compressional-wave velocity (V_P) values above the water table are as low as about 230 m s⁻¹, and rise to about 1.9 km s⁻¹ below the water table. At Shelby Forest, V_P values in the unsaturated loess are as low as 302 m s⁻¹. V_P values below the water table are about 1.8 km s⁻¹. For the two floodplain sites, the V_P/V_S ratio increases rapidly across the water table depth. For the Shelby Forest site, the largest increase in the V_P/V_S ratio occurs at 20-m depth, the boundary between the Pliocene-Pleistocene clay and sand deposits and the Eocene shallow-marine clay and silt deposits.

Until recently, seismic velocity data for the embayment basin came from eartquake studies, crustal-scale seismic refraction and reflection profiles, sonic logs, and from analysis of dispersed earthquake surface waves. Since 1991, seismic data for shallow sediment obtained from reflection, refraction, crosshole and downhole techniques have been obtained for sites at the northern end of the embayment basin. The present borehole data, however, are measured from sites representative of large areas in the Mississippi embayment. Therefore, they fill a gap in information needed for modeling the response of the embayment to destructive seismic shaking.     

A comparative study of numerical approaches to risk assessment of contaminant transport

In risk analysis, a complete characterization of the concentration distribution is necessary to determine the probability of exceeding a threshold value. The most popular method for predicting concentration distribution is Monte Carlo simulation, which samples the cumulative distribution function with a large number of repeated operations. In this paper, we first review three most commonly used Monte Carlo (MC) techniques: the standard Monte Carlo, Latin Hypercube sampling, and Quasi Monte Carlo. The performance of these three MC approaches is investigated. We then apply stochastic collocation method (SCM) to risk assessment. Unlike the MC simulations, the SCM does not require a large number of simulations of flow and solute equations. In particular, the sparse grid collocation method and probabilistic collocation method are employed to represent the concentration in terms of polynomials and unknown coefficients. The sparse grid collocation method takes advantage of Lagrange interpolation polynomials while the probabilistic collocation method relies on polynomials chaos expansions. In both methods, the stochastic equations are reduced to a system of decoupled equations, which can be solved with existing solvers and whose results are used to obtain the expansion coefficients. Then the cumulative distribution function is obtained by sampling the approximate polynomials. Our synthetic examples show that among the MC methods, the Quasi Monte Carlo gives the smallest variance for the predicted threshold probability due to its superior convergence property and that the stochastic collocation method is an accurate and efficient alternative to MC simulations.     

大兴安岭北段诺敏大山地区早白垩世侵入岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

本文选择大兴安岭北段诺敏大山地区早白垩世侵入岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学研究,探讨该区域侵入岩成因类型、岩浆来源及构造环境。该区侵入岩岩性主要为正长花岗岩、正长花岗斑岩和似斑状正长花岗岩,对其中正长花岗岩样品进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明,正长花岗岩侵位年龄为129.5±0.4 Ma,应为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物,结合区内侵入岩与地层相互接触关系,本区侵入岩形成时代为早白垩世。区内侵入岩具有富硅（SiO2= 67.36%~74.09%）、富碱（K2O+Na2O= 8.88%~9.34%）、高铝（Al2O3= 12.56%~16.15%）,低MgO、TiO2、CaO的特点,属于高钾钙碱性岩石系列;铝饱和指数（A/CNK）为0.94~1.31,为准铝质—过铝质岩石。微量元素富集Rb、U、Th、K等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Ti、Nb、Sr、P等高场强元素,具有明显的Eu负异常,属于高分异I型花岗岩。岩石Rb/Sr为0.9~2.0,Sr/Y为4.2~7.2,显示出高Sr、低Y的特点,指示岩浆源区为地壳物质的部分熔融。结合区域研究成果,蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造域在早白垩世之前已结束碰撞,诺敏大山地区早白垩世岩浆活动可能发生在蒙古—鄂霍茨克造山后的伸展环境。     

Sea surface temperature and salinity reconstruction based on stable isotopes and Mg/Ca of planktonic foraminifera in the western Pacific Warm Pool during the last 155 ka

Changes in sea surface temperature(SST), seawater oxygen isotope(δ 18 O sw), and local salinity proxy(δ 18 O sw-ss) in the past 155 ka were studied using a sediment core(MD06-3052) from the northern edge of the western Pacifi c Warm Pool(WPWP), within the fl ow path of the bifurcation of the North Equatorial Current. Our records reveal a lead-lag relationship between paired Mg/Ca-SST and δ 18 O during Termination II and the last interglacial period. Similarity in SST between our site and the Antarctic temperature proxy and in CO 2 profi le showed a close connection between the WPWP and the Antarctic. Values of δ 18 O sw exhibited very similar variations to those of mean ocean δ 18 O sw, owing to the past sea-level changes on glacial-interglacial timescale. Calculated values of δ 18 O sw-ss refl ect a more saline condition during high local summer insolation(SI) periods. Such correspondence between δ 18 O sw-ss and local SI in the WPWP may refl ect complex interaction between ENSO and monsoon, which was stimulated by changes in solar irradiance and their infl uence on the local hydrologic cycle. This then caused a striking reorganization of atmospheric circulation over the WPWP.     

山东省曹县城区地热资源评价

通过地球物理勘探、水文地质调查、钻孔和抽水试验,结合区域水文、气象和地质等资料,对山东省曹县城区地热地质条件、热储赋存条件有了初步认识,结合CD1号探采结合地热孔,对孔隙、岩溶裂隙型含水热储层及许庄复合热储层地热资源量进行了计算,对地热水资源进行了开发利用评价。     

A Statistical Study of Rapid Sunspot Structure Change Associated with Flares

We reported recently some rapid changes of sunspot structure in white-light(WL) associated with major flares.We extend the study to smaller events and present here results of a statistical study of this phenomenon.In total,we investigate 403 events from 1998 May 9 to 2004 July 17,including 40 X-class,174 M-class,and 189 C-class flares.By monitoring the structure of the flaring active regions using the WL observations from the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer(TRACE),we find that segments in the outer sunspot structure decayed rapidly right after many flares;and that,on the other hand,the central part of sunspots near the flare-associated magnetic neutral line became darkened.These rapid and permanent changes are evidenced in the time profiles of WL mean intensity and are not likely resulted from the flare emissions.Our study further shows that the outer sunspot structure decay as well as the central structure darkening are more likely to be detected in larger solar flares.For X-class flares,over 40% events show distinct sunspot structure change.For M-and C-class flares,this percentage drops to 17% and 10%,respectively.The results of this statistical study support our previously proposed reconnection picture,i.e.,the flare-related magnetic fields evolve from a highly inclined to a more vertical configuration.     

南水北调东中两线不同水文区降水丰枯遭遇性分析

南水北调东中两线不同水文区来水的丰枯遭遇性是跨流域水资源调配必须考虑的重要问题。据年、季和月三种不同时间尺度的降水系列分别探讨了华北地区与长江中下游及华北地区与汉江上游来水丰枯的遭遇性。结果表明：不论是华北地区与长江中下游,还是华北地区和汉江上游,其降水丰枯异步频率都略大于丰枯同步频率。在三同步现象中,南北同枯出现的频率较低。就适合调水的４种丰枯遭遇情形统计,华北地区和长江中下游年尺度上的频率总和     

台湾海峡西北部表层沉积物中有孔虫分布对沿岸上升流存在的响应

对台湾海峡西北部福建平潭岛附近海域337个表层沉积物样品中的有孔虫进行分析鉴定,研究结果表明浮游有孔虫优势种Globigerinoides sacculifer、G.ruber、Globigerina bulloides的分布及底栖有孔虫组合受到不同水团的影响。根据浮游有孔虫上升流指示种G.bulloides、底栖有孔虫组合和高营养盐深水种的分布特征,对研究区受夏季沿岸上升流的影响范围和程度进行评估。研究区沿岸上升流主要分布于东南部水深大于40 m的海域及平潭岛东部水深20 m附近,最远可达水深低于10 m的海湾内部分区域,但强度相对减弱,水深较浅的陆地和岛屿边缘附近未受沿岸上升流影响。平潭岛东北部到南日岛西南部水深10~30 m部分区域由于受到冬季浙闽沿岸流的影响,沿岸上升流在该区域的沉积记录缺失。     

多时相阴影轮廓差分辅助下的城市水体提取

如何避免水体提取中阴影信息与水体信息的混淆,是利用遥感数据提取城市水体信息需要解决的一个问题。本文以高分一号WFV图像及Landsat8 OLI图像为数据源,利用阴影轮廓的位置与形状在不同太阳高度角及太阳方位角下的差异性,提出一种基于多时相阴影轮廓差分的城市水体提取方法(WMSD)。以广州市天河区为试验区进行水体信息提取,同时运用NDWI、MNDWI及SWI指数法分别提取水体信息,进行精度对比分析。结果显示,本文所提出的WMSD方法分类精度超过88%,较NDWI法、SWI法及MNDWI法的水体提取精度分别提高了8.50%、9.50%及4.67%。说明基于阴影轮廓位置与形状的差异提取水体信息的方法能够较好地解决阴影与水体提取信息混淆的问题,为利用遥感数据提取城市地区水体提供了一个可行的处理方法。