Some statistic characteristics of “Underground Hot vortex” in China during 1980–1993 (I)

Using ground temperature data from meteorological stations as well as earthquake, ground tilt and precipitation data, the spatial-temporal distribution of “Underground Hot Vortex” (UHV) in China was analyzed in detail. The results show that concerning an “Underground Hot Vortex” cell, its life-span is 3–8 seasons, 1.5 years on average; the mean horizontal scale is 600 km and its characteristic velocity is about 400 km/a; UHV is likely to appear in some areas where the crustal movement is intense and the absolute value of vertical deformation rate is relatively high; its activity could hardly be detected in the area where the crust is stable and the vertical deformation is weak; most of “Underground Hot Vortex Groups” originate from the edge of Indian Plate, then migrate eastwards with a leaping-frog style. 5–10 years are needed for their arrival in the eastern border of China. Their horizontal migrating velocity is 200–500 km/a which is nearly equal to the characteristic velocity of a single UHV. Project sponsored by the National Climbing Project and Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

A kinetic model for thermally induced hydrogen and carbon isotope fractionation of individual n-alkanes in crude oil

A quantitative kinetic model has been proposed to simulate the large D and ¹³C isotope enrichments observed in individual n-alkanes (C₁₃-C₂₁) during artificial thermal maturation of a North Sea crude oil under anhydrous, closed-system conditions. Under our experimental conditions, average n-alkane δ¹³C values increase by ∼4‰ and δD values increase by ∼50‰ at an equivalent vitrinite reflectance value of 1.5%. While the observed ¹³C-enrichment shows no significant dependence on hydrocarbon chain length, thermally induced D-enrichment increases with increasing n-alkane carbon number. This differential fractionation effect is speculated to be due to the combined effect of the greater extent of thermal cracking of higher molecular weight, n-alkanes compared to lower molecular weight homologues, and the generation of isotopically lighter, lower molecular weight compounds. This carbon-number-linked hydrogen isotopic fractionation behavior could form the basis of a new maturity indicator to quantitatively assess the extent of oil cracking in petroleum reservoirs. Quantum mechanical calculations of the average change in enthalpy (ΔΔH^‡) and entropy (ΔΔS^‡) as a result of isotopic substitution in n-alkanes undergoing homolytic cleavage of C-C bonds lead to predictions of isotopic fractionation that agree quite well with our experimental results. For n-C₂₀ (n-icosane), the changes in enthalpy are calculated to be ∼1340 J mol^-1 (320 cal mol^-1) and 230 J mol^-1 (55 cal mol^-1) for D-H and ¹³C-¹²C, respectively. Because the enthalpy term associated with hydrogen isotope fractionation is approximately six times greater than that for carbon, variations in δD values for individual long-chain hydrocarbons provide a highly sensitive measure of the extent of thermal alteration experienced by the oil. Extrapolation of the kinetic model to typical geological heating conditions predicts significant enrichment in ¹³C and D for n-icosane at equivalent vitrinite reflectance values corresponding to the onset of thermal cracking of normal alkanes. The experimental and theoretical results of this study have significant implications for the use of compound-specific hydrogen isotope data in petroleum geochemical and paleoclimatological studies. However, there are many other geochemical processes that will significantly affect observed hydrogen isotopic compositions (e.g., biodegradation, water washing, isotopic exchange with water and minerals) that must also be taken into consideration.     

准噶尔盆地柴窝堡凹陷中二叠统地层格架与沉积体系特征

柴窝堡凹陷是海西期复杂构造演化形成的具叠合结构的山间坳陷,为准噶尔盆地南部油气勘探开发的热点区域之一。综合利用露头、钻测井、岩心及地震资料,明确柴窝堡凹陷中二叠统层序地层格架、物源、沉积体系构成及展布特征。研究表明,凹陷内可容空间和层序边界受构造升降和古气候变化共同控制,充填地层呈现南厚北薄分布特征;目的层段可划分为4个三级层序SQ1、SQ2、SQ3及SQ4,分别对应乌拉泊组、井井子沟组、芦草沟组及红雁池组;物源由南部时代不同、构造背景相异的伊林黑比尔根山提供;南部斜坡带主要发育冲积扇、扇三角洲沉积相,而在北部凹陷带发育湖泊相;SQ1~SQ4层序沉积时期整体为水退—水进旋回,由早期潮坪—冲积扇沉积环境逐渐演化为晚期冲积扇—扇三角洲—滨浅湖沉积环境,进一步划分为10种亚相和6种微相。相关研究认识可为预测有利油气藏的分布提供一定的理论依据。

     

INFLUENCES OF NONUNIFORM STRATIFICATION ON WAVE RAYS OF INTERNAL GRAVITY WAVE

In this paper the influences of nonuniform stratification on the propagating paths of internal inertial-gravity andpure gravity wave energy are discussed by using the WKB approximation method.The conditions for conservation ofwave energy,generalized wave action and wave enstrophy are obtained.The necessary condition of instability for inter-nal gravity waves and the equation governing the refraction of wave rays are derived.Two types of critical levels are giv-en.Finally,the wave rays for different distributions of stratification are calculated by using the fourth-orderRunge-Kutta method.     

Thermodynamic Calculation of Solubility of Na2SO4/K2SO4 in Hydrothermal Fluids

Sulfate fluids are common fluids in nature, and their salinity studies can provide important information for the evolution of ore-forming fluids, migration and enrichment of ore-forming elements, and the classification of deposit types. Considerable research has been carried out to investigate the solubility of Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ in hydrothermal fluids, however most of the literature reported experimental data were under saturated vapor pressure or the water supercritical region. A few data have been reported for the low temperature hydrothermal mineralization region. Thermodynamic model is a useful method to study the properties of hydrothermal geofluids, especially for mineral solubility. Pitzer interaction model is one of the most widely used model to calculate the thermodynamic properties of hydrothermal fluids, but few work have ever been carried out to calculate the solubility of sulfate at high temperature and pressure. With Pitzer specific interaction model, using the literature reported density data of Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ solutions at high temperature and pressure, the pressure effect on Pitzer activity coefficient of sulfate and the standard partial molar volume change during sulfate dissolution process were evaluated and related parameters were obtained. The standard partial molar volumes of Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ calculated with these parameters agreed well with those reported in the literature. Combined with the relevant parameters in the literature under saturated vapor pressure, a thermodynamic model for Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ solubility calculation with temperature up to 250 ℃ and pressure up to 40 MPa was developed. The model gave very good agreement with the experimental solubility data. With this model, Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ solubility was calculated at high temperature and pressure. The calculation results showed that pressure had a positive effect on both the average activity coefficient and solubility product of Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄, but the solubility of Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ decreased with pressure due to the larger change of the average activity coefficient with pressure. And as the temperature increased, the degree of such reduction became larger. The results herein can provide instructions for the compositional analysis of sulfate fluid inclusions.     

Speciation of rare earth elements in natural terrestrial waters: assessing the role of dissolved organic matter from the modeling approach

Humic Ion-Binding Model V, which focuses on metal complexation with humic and fulvic acids, was modified to assess the role of dissolved natural organic matter in the speciation of rare earth elements (REEs) in natural terrestrial waters. Intrinsic equilibrium constants for cation-proton exchange with humic substances (i.e., pK_MHA for type A sites, consisting mainly of carboxylic acids), required by the model for each REE, were initially estimated using linear free-energy relationships between the first hydrolysis constants and stability constants for REE metal complexation with lactic and acetic acid. pK_MHA values were further refined by comparison of calculated Model V “fits” to published data sets describing complexation of Eu, Tb, and Dy with humic substances. A subroutine that allows for the simultaneous evaluation of REE complexation with inorganic ligands (e.g., Cl⁻, F⁻, OH⁻, SO₄²⁻, CO₃²⁻, PO₄³⁻), incorporating recently determined stability constants for REE complexes with these ligands, was also linked to Model V. Humic Ion-Binding Model V’s ability to predict REE speciation with natural organic matter in natural waters was evaluated by comparing model results to “speciation” data determined previously with ultrafiltration techniques (i.e., organic acid-rich waters of the Nsimi-Zoetele catchment, Cameroon; dilute, circumneutral-pH waters of the Tamagawa River, Japan, and the Kalix River, northern Sweden). The model predictions compare well with the ultrafiltration studies, especially for the heavy REEs in circumneutral-pH river waters. Subsequent application of the model to world average river water predicts that organic matter complexes are the dominant form of dissolved REEs in bulk river waters draining the continents. Holding major solute, minor solute, and REE concentrations of world average river water constant while varying pH, the model suggests that organic matter complexes would dominate La, Eu, and Lu speciation within the pH ranges of 5.4 to 7.9, 4.8 to 7.3, and 4.9 to 6.9, respectively. For acidic waters, the model predicts that the free metal ion (Ln³⁺) and sulfate complexes (LnSO₄⁺) dominate, whereas in alkaline waters, carbonate complexes (LnCO₃⁺ + Ln[CO₃]₂⁻) are predicted to out-compete humic substances for dissolved REEs. Application of the modified Model V to a “model” groundwater suggests that natural organic matter complexes of REEs are insignificant. However, groundwaters with higher dissolved organic carbon concentrations than the “model” groundwater (i.e., >0.7 mg/L) would exhibit greater fractions of each REE complexed with organic matter. Sensitively analysis indicates that increasing ionic strength can weaken humate-REE interactions, and increasing the concentration of competitive cations such as Fe(III) and Al can lead to a decrease in the amount of REEs bound to dissolved organic matter.     

基于异质SVM神经网络的土壤盐渍化灾害预测模型

为研究银川平原普遍存在的土壤盐渍化问题,文章对银川平原的土壤盐渍化程度及潜在的发展趋势作出预测。利用Landsat 8 OLI数据与野外实测数据,选取地面高程、地下水位埋深、地下水溶解性总固体、植被指数、盐分指数及干旱指数为预测指标并提取指标值建立数据集,结合野外实测样点数据,建立基于异质支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM)神经网络算法的盐渍化灾害预测模型。结果表明:（1）建立预测模型时,选择Radial Basis Funciton作为模型的核函数,c=100且g=3时预测精度最高可达85%;（2）研究区轻度盐渍化土壤面积约854 km2,中度盐渍化土壤面积约985 km2,重度盐渍化土壤面积约231 km2,主要分布在平罗县西大滩、银川芦花和吴忠苦水河地区;（3）银川平原北部的土壤盐渍化情况较严重且多分布于耕地周围的撂荒地以及地下水位埋藏较浅的地区,耕地资源中土壤盐渍化状况较严重,应注重耕地的合理灌溉与排水,增加土壤的可持续利用性。     

广州市2005年热岛强度变化特征

分析2005年广州市市区和郊区的8个自动气象观测站气象资料得出,热岛强度（UHI）具有明显的日、月和季节变化。一般来说,广州市UHI夜间〉UHI白天;UHI干（10月-次年5月）〉UHI雨事（6-8月份）;UHI春季〉UHI夏季。用不同的温度指标计算出的UHI略有不同：UHI最低气温为1．50℃、UHI平均气温为1．16℃、UHI最高气温为0．61℃。     

溃变理论在汕头暴雨天气预测中的应用

运用溃变理论的V-3θ图结构分析方法和溃变图分析了汕头的一场暴雨天气,说明怎样运用溃变理论对汕头暴雨天气进行预测分析。结果表明:V-3θ图对暴雨天气预测有着较好的指示特征,溃变图对天气形势的演变有较好的指示意义,溃变理论在暴雨天气预测中有参考价值。     

Groundwater recharge and discharge in a hyperarid alluvial plain (Akesu,Taklimakan Desert,China)

Groundwater recharge and discharge in the Akesu alluvial plain were estimated using a water balance method. The Akesu alluvial plain (4842 km²) is an oasis located in the hyperarid Tarim River basin of central Asia. The land along the Akesu River has a long history of agricultural development and the irrigation area is highly dependent on water withdrawals from the river. We present a water balance methodology to describe (a) surface water and groundwater interaction and (b) groundwater interaction between irrigated and non‐irrigated areas. Groundwater is recharged from the irrigation system and discharged in the non‐irrigated area. Uncultivated vegetation and wetlands are supplied from groundwater in the hyperarid environment. Results show that about 90% of groundwater recharge came from canal loss and field infiltration. The groundwater flow from irrigated to non‐irrigated areas was about 70% of non‐irrigated area recharge and acted as subsurface drainage for the irrigation area. This desalinated the irrigation area and supplied water to the non‐irrigated area. Salt moved to the non‐irrigation area following subsurface drainage. We conclude that the flooding of the Akesu River is a supplemental groundwater replenishment mechanism: the river desalinates the alluvial plain by recharging fresh water in summer and draining saline regeneration water in winter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.