ENSO-independent contemporaneous variations of anomalous circulations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres: The polar-tropical seesaw mode

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and the ENSO indices from the Climate Prediction Center over the period 1978–2014, we have investigated the contemporaneous circulation variations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres by performing the singular value decomposition analysis of sea level pressure anomalies (SLPA) after the ENSO signal is regressed out. It is found that there exists a polar-tropical seesaw mode (PTSM) that characterizes with the out of phase fluctuations of SLPA between the polar and tropical regions in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in boreal winter. This PTSM explains 47.74% of the total covariance of SLPA and is almost independent of ENSO. It demonstrates a long-term trend and oscillation cycles of 2–3 and 4–6 yr. The long-term trend in PTSM indicates that the sea level pressure gradually decreases in the tropics and increases in the polar region with time. This PTSM looks roughly symmetric about the equator besides the seesaw pattern of SLPA between the tropics and polar region in each hemisphere. The disturbances in the geopotential height field in association with the PTSM shows baroclinic features in the tropics whereas equivalent barotropic features in the mid and high latitudes in the troposphere. The anomalous thermal forcing in the tropical region is possibly one of the factors facilitating the formation of this PTSM. Significant global precipitation and temperature anomalies related to the PTSM are observed. In the positive PTSM phase, precipitation and temperature are higher than normal in southern Europe and the Mediterranean and surrounding areas, but lower than normal in northern Europe and Siberia. Precipitation is higher than normal while temperature is lower than normal in Northeast Asia. Significant temperature and precipitation anomalies possibly occur in the regions of western China, northern India, parts of North America, parts of subtropical Africa, Maritime Continent, and Antarctic. These results are helpful for better understanding of the circulation variations and the mechanisms behind the interactions between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and the related winter climate anomalies over globe.     

近50年中国冬季大地冷涡与春夏季干旱相关的统计

通过对冬季大地冷涡与春夏季干旱的相关分析,发现:除高原主体外,冬季的大地冷涡对应着春夏季为干旱少雨区;而且大地冷涡东面的地冷涡绝大多数也是春夏季的干旱少雨区。冬季大地冷涡在中国的出现频率为80%,可作为短期气候预测的重要因子。     

重庆市伏旱时空变化特征

利用1961—2008年重庆34个台站的逐日降水资料,采用主成分分析、旋转主成分分析等方法对重庆伏旱变化的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明：重庆中西部是伏旱高频区,约10年7遇,且多重伏旱。重庆伏旱的第1载荷向量场表明重庆伏旱变化具有很好的整体一致性。重庆伏旱空间异常可分为4个区,即西部区、东北部区、东南部区和中部区。西部伏旱在1960—1970年代最强,东北部伏旱在90年代最强,其次是70年代,中部伏旱在70年代最强,其次是2000年以后,东南部伏旱的年代际变化趋势不明显,且伏旱整体较轻。     

基于CFD的单个建筑物风场模拟参数选择

运用流体力学软件FloEFD对沽源单个建筑物周围的风场进行数值模拟。通过不断改变模型中计算参数的设置进行一系列模拟试验,对比模拟试验结果,并与观测资料进行比较,分析不同计算参数对模拟结果的影响,并获得适用于该模型的最佳参数。主要研究的计算参数包括计算域高度,初始网格等级,局部初始网格等级和不同平均风速剖面形式。结果表明:计算域高度从3倍建筑物高度开始,空腔区的长度、漩涡中心位置以及再发展区的边界位置基本保持稳定。随着初始网格等级的增加,空腔区的长度、再发展区的边界位置及计算时间逐渐增大。局部初始网格等级对模拟结果影响不显著。以两种不同平均风速剖面形式进行模拟,迎风漩涡长度不同,背风面影响不大。与观测资料比较显示,最优参数组合为:计算域高度为3倍建筑物高度,初始网格等级为4、局部初始网格等级为4、平均风速剖面形式为指数律。     

一次华南超级单体风暴的S波段偏振雷达观测分析

利用珠海与澳门共建的中国首部S波段业务双偏振雷达探测资料、风廓线资料和地面加密观测资料,对2015年4月20日发生在珠海附近的一次典型华南春季冷锋触发的超级单体风暴的偏振观测特征进行了分析。天气分析表明,风暴发生于地面冷锋和低空切变线附近,中等对流不稳定（对流有效位能为1300 J/kg）和较强风垂直切变（0-6 km风矢量差为20 m/s）环境中。环境总理查逊数为18,与中纬度典型超级单体的生成环境接近,风暴相对螺旋度为2.9 s-1。偏振观测分析表明,大雹粒子的翻滚使冰雹区具有水平反射率因子高（>50 dBz）、差分反射率低（-1-0.5 dB）的特点;雨和冰相粒子的混合导致了相关系数的下降（小于0.9）;比差分相位观测对冰雹并不敏感（比差分相位与水平反射率因子的线性拟合率仅为0.05）。在混合相粒子和液相粒子的共同作用下,融化层附近存在差分反射率增大、相关系数减小的现象。风暴侧前方下沉气流偏东侧边界（水平反射率因子梯度高值区）存在一条“差分反射率弧”（差分反射率高值区）,主要由大雨滴构成,粒子分选机制合理解释了其形成原因。同时,相对较大的环境风使差分反射率弧更加远离（相对北美观测事实）风暴主体。风暴水平反射率因子中心附近存在“差分反射率柱”,与大雨滴被上升气流（连续分布的正径向风）带入高层冻结且失去取向稳定而导致差分反射率值迅速减小有关。      

Joint Impacts of SSTA in Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans on Variations of the WPSH

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and HadISST sea surface temperature (SST) data, the joint effects of the tropical Indian Ocean and Pacific on variations of area of the summertime western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) for period 1980–2016 are investigated. It is demonstrated that the central tropical Indian Ocean (CTI) and central equatorial Pacific (CEP) are two key oceanic regions that affect the summertime WPSH. During autumn and winter, warm SST anomalies (SSTAs) in CEP force the Walker circulation to change anomalously, resulting in divergence anomalies over the western Pacific and Maritime Continent (MC). Due to the Gill-type response, the abnormal anticyclonic circulation is generated over the western Pacific and South China Sea (SCS). In the subsequent spring, the warm SSTAs in CEP weaken, while the SST over CTI demonstrates a lagged response to Pacific SSTA. The warm CTISSTA and CEP-SSTA cooperate with the eastward propagation of cold Kelvin waves in the western Pacific, leading to the eastward shift of the abnormal divergence center that originally locates at the western Pacific and MC. The anticyclone forced by this divergence subsequently moves eastward, leading to the intensification of the negative vorticity there. Meanwhile, warm SSTA in CTI triggers eastward propagating Kelvin waves, which lead to easterly anomalies over the equatorial Indian Ocean and Indonesia, being favorable for maintenance and intensification of the anticyclone over the SCS and western Pacific. The monsoonal meridional–vertical circulation strengthens, which is favorable for the intensification of the WPSH. Using SSTA over the two key oceanic regions as predictors, a multiple regression model is successfully constructed for prediction of WPSH area. These results are useful for our better understanding the variation mechanisms of WPSH and better predicting summer climate in East Asia.     

能见度仪故障现象及维护探讨

通过对前向散射能见度仪常见故障的现象有数据偏小、偏大、跳变及不变,针对故障现象分析,找出数据波动的原因,提出具体的处理方法,供观测员在实际工作中参考,使能见度仪更好的运行。     

2002年南海季风建立及其雨带变化的天气学研究

利用南海海 气通量观测试验资料结合NCEP ,GPCP以及GMS - 5云图资料 ,综合分析了 2 0 0 2年 5～ 6月南海西南季风建立过程及其雨带变化 ,确定 5月 14日西沙及北部海区西南季风爆发 ,5月 15日整个南海季风爆发 ,季风爆发时间属于正常年 ;季风爆发时风向、风速、云量、降水、湿度、辐射及海面温度等要素都发生突变。这种突变是由大气环流的突变造成的。季风爆发前后大气环流变化过程是 :80～ 90°E越赤道气流加强 ,同时印缅低压加深 ,孟加拉湾南北向气压梯度增大 ,而后东亚大陆上气旋发展东移 ,副热带高压东撤 ,孟加拉湾低压槽前的赤道西风突然加强越过中南半岛 ,南海北部首先出现强西南风 ,继而南海季风迅速地全面爆发。孟加拉湾西南风加强到南海季风爆发是一个连续的过程 ,大陆冷空气南下起了重要的作用。南海季风爆发时呈现单雨带型 ,而后由单雨带型转变为双雨带型 ,雨带受副热带高压和季风系统共同影响 ,并且随着副热带高压移动位置变化。     

乌鲁木齐地区相对湿度的气候分析及预报

通过对乌鲁木齐地区相对湿度的气候分析 ,结合特殊天气情况下其变化规律 ,对乌鲁木齐地区相对湿度提出了较为客观的预报方法     

新疆建筑工程设计中风压研究及其应用

应用熵最大原理导出的概率模式研究了新疆建筑工程设计中最大风速的分布规律 ,并通过近100个气象观测站36年(1961～1996年)资料的分析 ,发现新疆最大风速若干规律性 ,在此基础上 ,建立了新疆风压系数预测模式为 :W。=0.0613e -0.0001h ,以预测模式和概率模式揭示了新疆风压分布特征。结果表明 :新疆大多数气象观测站的最大风速遵循Г分布 ;新疆风压系数随海拔高度的增加呈指数率减少 ;新疆风压分布特征为 :北疆大于南疆 ,西部、东部大于中部 ;高山和高原地区大于中低山区。风口、河谷风压值最大。塔里木油田地区风压特征为 :由东北向西南递减。这对于新疆建筑工程设计及相关的电力、公路等工程设计都具有重要的科学意义和使用价值。