深圳大鹏半岛国家地质公园中生代火山地层的时代讨论

深圳地区中生代火山地层分布区是我国东南沿海浙闽粤港火山活动带的一个重要组成部分,是我国沿海地区侏罗纪—白垩纪火山地层较有代表性地段,也是研究我国东南沿海侏罗纪—白垩纪火山活动的天然博物馆。近期通过野外观察,测制火山地层剖面,进行锆石同位素激光定年测试,对大鹏半岛国家地质公园中生代火山地层的时代提出新的认识,将原划分为上侏罗统高基坪群划分为早—中侏罗世塘厦组(181.8 Ma?)、中侏罗世吉岭湾组(165.8 Ma)、晚侏罗世梧桐山组(156.9~145.6 Ma)、晚侏罗世—早白垩世七娘山组(146.3~131.0 Ma)、早白垩世官草湖群等。     

Numerical investigation of groundwater outbursts near faults in underground coal mines

Permeable geologic faults in the coal seam can cause intermittent production problems or unexpected amounts of groundwater outburst from the underlying aquifers. With the acknowledgment of the basic mechanism for groundwater outbursts, the groundwater outburst along the fault zones in coal mines are numerically investigated using RFPA, a numerical code based on FEM. The fracture initiation, propagation, and coalescence in the stressed strata and the seepage field evolution in the stress field are represented visually during the whole process of groundwater outburst. The numerically obtained damage evolution shows that the floor strata could be classified as three zones, i.e. mining induced fracture zone, intact zone and fault reactivation zone, in which the intact zone is the key part for resisting groundwater outburst and directly determines the effective thickness of water-resisting rock layer. With understanding of the evolution of stress field and seepage flow in floor strata, the groundwater outburst pathway is calibrated and the transformation of floor rock mass from water-resisting strata to outburst pathway is clearly illuminated. Moreover, it is shown that geometrical configuration, including inclination angle of faults and seam drop along faults, have an important influence on groundwater outburst. Finally, based on geological, hydrogeology survey and numerical results, the mechanism analysis of groundwater outburst in an engineering case is studied, which can provide significantly meaningful guides for the investigation on mechanism and prevention of groundwater outburst induced by faults in practice.     

Siderite dissolution in the presence of chromate

Siderite (FeCO₃) is an important reduced phase iron mineral and end product of bacteria anaerobic respiration. This study addresses its dissolution behavior in the presence of the oxidant chromate, which is a common environmental contaminant. Macroscopic dissolution experiments combined with microscopic observations by atomic force microscopy show that at pH < 4.5 the dissolution rate with chromate is slower than that in control solution without chromate. Isolated deep dissolution pits and clustered shallow pits occur simultaneously with surface precipitation. The implication is that the surface precipitate inhibits further dissolution. For 5 < pH < 9.5, the slowest dissolution and the fastest precipitation rates are observed, both at edge steps and on terraces. For pH > 10, the dissolution rate in the presence of chromate exceeds that of the control, plausibly due to electron transfer facilitated by [Fe³⁺(OH)₄]^-. Dissolution and re-precipitation of round hillocks are observed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates the presence of Cr(III) as well as reaction products in a hydroxide form. Based on the redox reaction mechanism, macroscopic dissolution behavior, and previous studies on the reaction products of Fe(II) with Cr(VI), we propose the formation of a low solubility nano-sized Cr(III)-Fe(III)-hydroxide as the surface precipitate. Results from this study provide a basis for understanding and quantifying the interactions between reduced-iron minerals and aqueous-phase oxidants.     

试论南中国海盆地新生代板块构造及盆地动力学

南海地处欧亚、印度—澳大利亚和菲律宾海板块的交互带,是西太平洋地区面积最大的边缘海之一,其成因机制和演化过程对探讨特提斯构造域和太平洋构造域相互作用及油气勘探等问题具有重要意义,虽备受关注但仍存争议.综合目前该区及外围已有的大地构造等方面的资料,本文从探讨南海外围的构造格架及中-新生代演化过程入手,分析了南海及外围板块...     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷东部基底地层的时代及其地质意义

塔里木盆地库车坳陷东部阳霞煤矿一带出露绿泥绢云母石英片岩,原被划分为古元古界地层,该片岩中的碎屑锆石呈自形形态,锆石的环带丰富,具有典型的岩浆锆石特点。对锆石进行的ICP MS U Pb同位素地质年代学研究表明,锆石的年龄介于1179～794 Ma之间,峰期年龄集中于810～794 Ma,说明该片岩之原岩的沉积上限年龄不早于794 Ma。结合区域资料分析认为,该基底地层应该属于新元古界,形成时代相对较新,因此导致库车坳陷具有较高的地温梯度和较强的构造活动性。此外,在810～794 Ma时塔里木地块东北部发生过岩浆事件,该事件应该与塔里木地块的裂解有关。     

Evidence of microbially mediated arsenic mobilization from sediments of the Aquia aquifer, Maryland, USA

Sediments from the Aquia aquifer in coastal Maryland were collected as part of a larger study of As in the Aquia groundwater flow system where As concentration are reported to reach levels as high as 1072 nmol kg⁻¹, (i.e., ∼80 μg/L). To test whether As release is microbially mediated by reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxides/oxyhydroxides within the aquifer sediments, the Aquia aquifer sediment samples were employed in a series of microcosm experiments. The microcosm experiments consisted of sterilized serum bottles prepared with aquifer sediments and sterilized (i.e., autoclaved), artificial groundwater using four experimental conditions and one control condition. The four experimental conditions included the following scenarios: (1) aerobic; (2) anaerobic; (3) anaerobic + acetate; and (4) anaerobic + acetate + AQDS (anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid). AQDS acts as an electron shuttle. The control condition contained sterilized aquifer sediments kept under anaerobic conditions with an addition of AQDS. Over the course of the 27 day microcosm experiments, dissolved As in the unamended (aerobic and anaerobic) microcosms remained constant at around ∼28 nmol kg⁻¹ (2 μg/L). With the addition of acetate, the amount of As released to the solution approximately doubled reaching ∼51 nmol kg⁻¹ (3.8 μg/L). For microcosm experiments amended with acetate and AQDS, the dissolved As concentrations exceeded 75 nmol kg⁻¹ (5.6 μg/L). The As concentrations in the acetate and acetate + AQDS amended microcosms are of similar orders of magnitude to As concentrations in groundwaters from the aquifer sediment sampling site (127-170 nmol kg⁻¹). Arsenic concentrations in the sterilized control experiments were generally less than 15 nmol kg⁻¹ (1.1 μg/L), which is interpreted to be the amount of As released from Aquia aquifer sediments owing to abiotic, surface exchange processes. Iron concentrations released to solution in each of the microcosm experiments were higher and more variable than the As concentrations, but generally exhibited similar trends to the As concentrations. Specifically, the acetate and acetate + AQDS amended microcosm typically exhibited the highest Fe concentrations (up to 1725 and 6566 nmol kg⁻¹, respectively). The increase in both As and Fe in the artificial groundwater solutions in these amended microcosm experiments strongly suggests that microbes within the Aquia aquifer sediments mobilize As from the sediment substrate to the groundwaters via Fe(III) reduction.     

Numerical Study of Failure Mechanism of Serial and Parallel Rock Pillars

Using a numerical modelling code, rock failure process analysis, 2D, the progressive failure process and associated acoustic emission behaviour of serial and parallel rock samples were simulated. Both serial- and parallel sample models are presented for investigating the mechanism of rock pillar failure. As expected, the numerical results show that not only the stiffness, but also the uniaxial compressive strength of the rock plays an important role in pillar instability. For serial pillars, the elastic rebound of a rock pillar with higher uniaxial compressive strength can lead to the sudden failure of an adjacent rock pillar with lower uniaxial compressive strength. The failure zone forms and develops in the pillar with lower uniaxial compressive strength; however, the failure zone does not pass across the interface of the two pillars. In comparison, when two pillars have the same uniaxial compressive strengths but different elastic moduli, both serial pillars fail, and the failure zone in the two pillars can interact, passing across the interface and entering the other pillar. For parallel pillars, damage always develops in the pillar having the lower uniaxial compressive strength or lower elastic modulus. Furthermore, in accordance with the Kaiser effect, the stress-induced damage in a rock pillar is irreversible, and only when the previous stress state in the failed rock pillar is exceeded or the subsequent applied energy is larger than the energy released by the external loading will further damage continue to occur. In addition, the homogeneity index of rock also can affect the failure modes of parallel pillars, even though the uniaxial compressive strength and stiffness of each pillar are the same.     

中更新世以来西菲律宾海上层水体结构演化特征——来自钙质超微化石Florisphaera profunda的证据

MD06-3050岩芯位于西非律宾海吕宋岛以东本哈姆高原,利用钙质超微化石下透光带种属Florisphaera profunda占总颗石的相对卡度,恢复了中更新世以来该海区的上层水体结构演化特征.结果显示,西菲律宾海区自1040ka以来,温跃层/营养跃层经历了由浅-深-浅-深的长周期变动.可能是由于全球碳库的长周期变化...     

2.5-D DC Resistivity Modeling Considering Flexibility and Accuracy

We highlighted the flexibility of using unstructured mesh together with the local refinement by a resistivity model with complicated topography. The effect of topography is emphasized. Based on this, we calculated a specific class of layered models and found that the accuracy is not always satisfactory by utilizing the standard approach. As an improvement, we employed the layered earth as the reference model to calculate the wavenumbers. The comparison demonstrates that the accuracy is considerably improved...     

基于新测年资料的蓟县运动和燕山早期运动表现探讨:以深圳西部地区及东部大鹏半岛国家地质公园地区为例

近3年来在深圳西部及东部大鹏半岛国家地质公园等地,笔者等参加了地质路线调查研究和取样工作,先后采集了20组岩石同位素定年样品,采用新方法锆石U-Pb定年激光测试法测试,其中获得7个数据集中在1 007～897 Ma,首次发现中-新元古代蓟县纪-青白口纪,并基本可以证实蓟县运动(1 400～1 000 Ma)的存在;对中...