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The dynamics of landscape-scale ecological connectivity based on least-cost model in Dongshan Island,China

As a hot topic in Landscape Ecology study, ecological connectivity is an important indicator for regional land sustainable use and biological protection. This paper conducted a systematic assessment of ecological connectivity using remote sensing images of Dongshan Island in 1994, 2003 and 2011. Based on least-cost modelling, the method takes into consideration the type of barrier, the distance impact, and the adjacent land use types to obtain the Barrier Effect Index (BEI) and Ecological Connectivity Index (ECI). The application of this method to Dongshan Island showed the ecological connectivity index (ECI) was low in 1994, improved in 2003, and decreased significantly in 2011. The results of the dynamic analysis of landscape structure showed farmland and roads were the main landscape classes that caused the low observed ECI in 1994 and 2003; these tended to divide the landscape and cause fragmentation. Construction land and roads were the main landscape classes resulting in low ECI in 2011, while forest and grassland had a high ECI. Trajectory analysis showed ECI tended to decrease in the low mountain forest zone of the northwestern and southeastern parts of Dongshan Island as well as in the coastal protection forest area. The areas where ECI became high were located in the northeastern part of Dongshan Island where cities and towns are concentrated with high human populations. Therefore, rapid urbanization has been the most important factor driving changes in landscape structure and patterns during the last 17 years on Dongshan Island. The approach not only assists us in revealing the driving mechanism of landscape dynamics from another aspect, but also can assess the impacts of regional and urban plans on landscape structure and function.     

基于ISM分析法的人教版新旧地理教材比较分析——以“地球上的水”为例

基于《普通高中地理课程标准(2017年版)》的要求,人民教育出版社对高中地理教材进行了优化改版。本文运用ISM分析法(解释结构模型),以人教版新旧地理教材中“地球上的水”为例,构建邻接矩阵并最终生成要素层级有向图,从知识要素的选择、起点与结点要素的安排、要素间的形成关系三个方面对比分析新旧教材的异同。结果表明:新旧教材的逻辑结构大致相同,新教材是在旧教材的基础上进行合理地删、增、补、拓与重组。这一结论为地理教师更好地使用新教材提供了理论依据。     

三峡为中心的长江防洪系统实时优化调度模型研究

主要介绍以三峡为中心的长江防洪系统联合调度运行的数学模型--洪水模拟模型和水库优化调度模型.前者包括水文学洪水演进模型,一维非恒定流模型,一维和二维组合洪水模拟模型,荆江分洪区与洪湖分洪区联合运用模型,用于反映洪水在河湖中的运动及防洪措施蓄泄效果;后者由总体控制模型与模糊决策,大系统解耦以及网络分析等模型组成,用于确定使库群起到最佳防洪效果的优化调度策略.     

Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash sintered lightweight aggregates and kinetics model establishment

Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash blended with pine sawdust and shale, using a neotype trefoil rotary kiln to form lightweight aggregates, is an effective and a potential means method of fly ash disposal. The optimum sintering conditions of Trefoil rotary kiln were determined in terms of an orthogonal test by measuring the pellets’ bulk density, granule strength, 1 h water absorption. As far as the kinetics is concerned, an integral method of Coats–Redfern was introduced to analyze the kinetics characteristics of the mixture samples. Also, the kinetic triplets (apparent activation energy, pre-exponential factor and reaction order) were estimated by the reaction of kinetics model functions. It is shown that the optimum sintering conditions are as follows: (a) preheating temperature of 500 °C, (b) sintering temperature of 1130 °C, (c) holding time of 4 min. The optimum reaction models of the four stages are Avrami–Erofeev, Mample, Avrami–Erofeev and There-dimensional diffusion (Jander), respectively.     

Characterization of manganese oxide precipitates from Appalachian coal mine drainage treatment systems

The removal of Mn(II) from coal mine drainage (CMD) by chemical addition/active treatment can significantly increase treatment costs. Passive treatment for Mn removal involves promotion of biological oxidative precipitation of manganese oxides (MnO_x). Manganese(II) removal was studied in three passive treatment systems in western Pennsylvania that differed based on their influent Mn(II) concentrations (20–150 mg/L), system construction (±inoculation with patented Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria), and bed materials (limestone vs. sandstone). Manganese(II) removal occurred at pH values as low as 5.0 and temperatures as low as 2 °C, but was enhanced at circumneutral pH and warmer temperatures. Trace metals such as Zn, Ni and Co were removed effectively, in most cases preferentially, into the MnO_x precipitates. Based on synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction and Mn K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, the predominant Mn oxides at all sites were poorly crystalline hexagonal birnessite, triclinic birnessite and todorokite. The surface morphology of the MnO_x precipitates from all sites was coarse and “sponge-like” composed of nm-sized lathes and thin sheets. Based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), MnO_x precipitates were found in close proximity to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. The greatest removal efficiency of Mn(II) occurred at the one site with a higher pH in the bed and a higher influent total organic C (TOC) concentration (provided by an upstream wetland). Biological oxidation of Mn(II) driven by heterotrophic activity was most likely the predominant Mn removal mechanism in these systems. Influent water chemistry and Mn(II) oxidation kinetics affected the relative distribution of MnO_x mineral assemblages in CMD treatment systems.     

Oolite deformation in Windgällen, Canton Uri, Switzerland

Detailed analysis of the oolite deformation in Windgällen revealed that the finite-strain states vary significantly and systematically over the major recumbent structures. The strain is lowest at the fold cores and highest along the limbs, which have suffered extensions of up to 150%. These high strains are interpreted as the result of strong overfolding during the development of the nappe-like structure. The maximum ratio of the strain ellipsoids computed from the oolite shapes is 14.6:1, though individual oolites having axial ratios as high as 30 : 1 have been encountered. The intermediate axes of the strain ellipsoids throughout the area have been extended between 3 and 64% and the strain ellipsoids are of the flattening type with K being less than unity. The pre-deformation fabric of the oolites is very weak and their initial axial ratios in any two-dimensional section is generally less than 2:1. Slaty cleavage is coincident with the plane of maximum compression in the rock. The relationship of cleavage, folds and oolite deformation suggest that cleavage develops progressively during deformation and forms at the same time as the folds associated with it.     

辽宁省阜蒙县北窝铺膨润土矿床地质特征及控矿因素

阜蒙县北窝铺膨润土矿床位于中生代断陷盆地——于寺盆地中,矿体呈层状、似层状主要赋存于白垩系下统义县组第一岩段火山碎屑岩中。通过矿石阳离子交换量分析和差热分析,确定为钙基膨润土矿床。该矿床的形成受地层控制,沉凝灰岩、凝灰质砂砾岩、流纹质晶屑玻屑熔结凝灰岩与矿床的形成有密切关系。     

南澜沧江结合带火山岩岩浆成因——洋脊洋岛与弧岩浆作用的性质

在对滇西南昌宁—孟连带石炭—二叠纪火山岩和南澜沧江带二叠—三叠纪火山岩的微量元素和稀土元素研究的基础上,划分了岩浆作用类型和岩浆演化系列,探讨了岩浆源区成分特点。昌宁—孟连带玄武质岩浆的演化主要受部分熔融和分离结晶作用控制;这些岩浆可以划分为３个岩浆演化系列：（１）稀土曲线平坦型的洋脊型拉斑玄武岩浆演化系列,其岩浆起源于亏损型地幔;（２）稀土曲线中等富集型的准洋脊型拉斑玄武岩浆演化系列,其岩浆起源于过渡型地幔;（３）稀土曲线强烈富集型的洋岛型碱性玄武岩浆演化系列,其岩浆起源于富集型地幔。南澜沧江带弧火山岩的岩浆成因主要受分离结晶作用控制,也可以划分为３个岩浆演化系列：（１）二叠纪低钾拉斑—中钾钙碱性岩浆演化系列;（２）中南段的晚三叠世低钾拉斑—中钾钙碱性岩浆演化系列;（３）北段的晚三叠世钾玄岩—高钾钙碱性岩浆演化系列     

洋脊三联点研究进展

概述了８０年代后期以来洋脊三联点构造研究方面的某些新资料和新成果,综合分析了全球洋脊三联点构造的主要类型和基本特征;重点论述ＲＲＲ型和ＲＲＦ型洋脊三联点轨变结构特性、几何形态、运动状态和构造演化过程,并以具有微板块的三联点结构演化过程分析为例,简要讨论洋脊三联点构造研究的全球构造意义 。