Composition and pressure dependence of lattice thermal conductivity of (Mg,Fe)O solid solutions

We measured the lattice thermal conductivities of Fe_0.98O wüstite and iron-rich (Mg,Fe)O magnesiowüstite using the pulsed light heating thermoreflectance technique with a diamond anvil cell up to 61 GPa at 300 K. We found that the thermal conductivity of wüstite does not show a monotonic increase as a function of pressure, contrary to that of MgO periclase. Rocksalt (B1) to rhombohedral B1 transition is likely to induce an abnormal pressure response in the conductivity of wüstite. Our results also show that magnesiowüstite has a lower conductivity than that of MgO and FeO endmembers due to a strong iron impurity effect, which is well reproduced by a model considering phonon-impurity scattering in a binary solid solution.     

1978和2005年宫城近海地震的动力学震源模拟:破裂能解释

对1978和2005年发生在同一板块边界而震级不同的日本宫城近海地震建立了自发动力破裂模型,再现了由运动学震源模型所预测的滑动和破裂速度。对这两次地震的动力学震源参数进行比较,可使我们看到同一断层上不同震源过程的破裂动力学特征。特别是,我们比较了应力降和破裂能,在这两次地震中,二者可以进行稳定的评估。在整个断层面上和两次地震破裂的凹凸体上,两个模型中应力降的最大值和平均值几乎相同。另外,1978年地震的震级比2005年的大,它的破裂能值不仅是在整个断层面上,而且在多次破裂的凹凸体上也比2005年的大。这些结果与先前用地震矩所做的破裂能标度的研究结果一致。我们还将破裂能值与以前研究中所估算的其他内陆地震的能值进行了对比,我们得到的宫城近海地震的值较小。造成这种不一致的原因可能是内陆浅源地震和俯冲带深源地震在构造背景上的差异。     

Production of the Blood Pressure Lowing Peptides from Brown Alga ( Undaria pinnatifida )

1 IntroductionIncreased blood pressure appears to be one of theprimary risk factors of circulatory organ diseases suchas encepharo-apoplexy, encepharo-infarction and cardi-ac infraction. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE)plays an important role in the rennin-angiotensin sys-tem by regulating blood pressure. Antihypertensivedrugs such as captopril and enalapril are potent ACEinhibitors (Ondetti et al., 1977). Recently, severalinhibitory peptides derived from food proteins havebeen isolat…     

Adapting wastewater treatment plants to sea level rise: learning from land subsidence in Tohoku,Japan

Natural Hazards - Past studies have projected that global mean sea levels could be up to between 0.98 and 2.92 m higher by the year 2100 than pre-industrial levels, which could seriously...     

Species and concentrations of selenium and nutrients in Tanabe Bay during red tide due toGymnodinium nagasakiense

A red tide due toGymnodinium nagasakiense was observed in August 1988 in Tanabe Bay, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. The maximum cell concentration ofG. nagasakiense reached 1×10⁵ cells ml^–1 at the surface water. From May to September 1988, the following were monitored: water temperature, salinity, chlorophylla, D.O., dissolved nutrients (NO₂–N, NO₃–N, NH₄–N, PO₄–P DON, DOP), particulate nutrients (PON, POP) and three dissolved selenium species [Se(IV), Se(VI), Organic Se]. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (NO₃–N, NH₄–N) decreased but PON, POP, DON, DOP and inorganic phosphate increased at the peak of the bloom. The concentration of organic selenium increased up to the bloom initiation period which started on 5 July, and then the concentration of Se(IV) increased as the concentration of organic selenium decreased at the peak of the bloom (3 August). The strong relationship was found between the concentration of Se(IV) and the cell concentration ofG. nagasakiense (r ²=0.98). The Se(IV) requirement ofG. nagasakiense was 2.89×10^–17 moles cell^–1, which was agreed well with 4.4×10^–17 moles cell^–1 found in a laboratory experiment onG. nagasakiense using selenium spiked artificial sea water medium. The average ratio of Se(IV) to dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) during the red tide bloom was 11441, the ratio of Se(IV) to DIN at the surface with the maximum cell concentration ofG. nagasakiense of 1×10⁵ cells ml^–1 was 1137. These results suggested that selenium may play an important role in red tide outbreak ofG. nagasakiense.     

Research and development of the New Generation Sea Surface Temperature for Open Ccean (NGSST-O) product and its demonstration operation

Real-time generation and distribution of the New Generation Sea Surface Temperature for Open Ocean (NGSST-O) product began in September 2003 as a demonstration operation of the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot Project. Satellite sea surface temperature (SST) observations from infrared radiometers (AVHRR, MODIS) and a microwave radiometer (AMSR-E) are objectively merged to generate the NGSST-O product, which is a quality-controlled, cloud-free, high-spatial-resolution (0.05° gridded), wide-coverage (13–63° N, 116–166° E), daily SST digital map. The NGSST-O demonstration operation system has been developed in cooperation with the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) and has produced six years of continuous data without gaps. Comparison to in situ SSTs measured by drifting buoys indicates that the root mean-square error of NGSST-O has been kept at approximately 0.9°C.     

Seasonal and annual change in community structure of meso-sized copepods in Tokyo Bay, Japan

Seasonal change in the meso-sized copepod community structure in the central part of Tokyo Bay was investigated from January 2006 to December 2008. Three seasonal community groups were detected, and seasonal shifts of these communities are explained by life history characteristics of indicator species and seasonal changes in the hydrographical environment. In the winter-spring community, Acartia omorii and Centropages abdominalis dominate because of high growth rates at low temperature. A shift to the early summer community is caused by a diapause of Ce. abdominalis as resting eggs and an increase in the growth and egg-production rate of Pseudodiaptomus marinus at high temperature. A shift to the summer-fall community is caused by a diapause of A. omorii at hypoxic and high temperature conditions and an increase of Temora turbinata, Paracalanus parvus and other oceanic species by an enhancement of the estuary circulation. Then, the community returns to a winter-spring one by the recovery of A. omorii and Ce. abdominalis with low temperatures and oxygenation of bottom water and by the disappearance of oceanic warm-water species at low temperature. Seasonal community shifts occurred almost regularly, but the shift from a winter-spring community to an early summer one occurred 1 month early in 2007 when the water temperature was warmer than in other years.     

A New Aerodynamic Parametrization for Real Urban Surfaces

This study conducted large-eddy simulations (LES) of fully developed turbulent flow within and above explicitly resolved buildings in Tokyo and Nagoya, Japan. The more than 100 LES results, each covering a 1,000 $\times $ 1,000 m $^{2}$ area with 2-m resolution, provide a database of the horizontally-averaged turbulent statistics and surface drag corresponding to various urban morphologies. The vertical profiles of horizontally-averaged wind velocity mostly follow a logarithmic law even for districts with high-rise buildings, allowing estimates of aerodynamic parameters such as displacement height and roughness length using the von Karman constant $=$ 0.4. As an alternative derivation of the aerodynamic parameters, a regression of roughness length and variable Karman constant was also attempted, using a displacement height physically determined as the central height of drag action. Although both the regression methods worked, the former gives larger (smaller) values of displacement height (roughness length) by 20–25 % than the latter. The LES database clearly illustrates the essential difference in bulk flow properties between real urban surfaces and simplified arrays. The vertical profiles of horizontally-averaged momentum flux were influenced by the maximum building height and the standard deviation of building height, as well as conventional geometric parameters such as the average building height, frontal area index, and plane area index. On the basis of these investigations, a new aerodynamic parametrization of roughness length and displacement height in terms of the five geometric parameters described above was empirically proposed. The new parametrizations work well for both real urban morphologies and simplified model geometries.     

Transport mechanism of suspended matter above the shelf slope at the mouth of Tokyo Bay

Transport mechanism of suspended matter above the shelf slope is investigated with the use of the moorings of time-series sediment trap, current meter and nephelometer at three stations at the mouth of Tokyo Bay, Japan during 21 to 25 August 1993. Tidal pump mechanism is effective for the transport of suspended matter at the shelf edge, but the boring-like flood tidal current resuspends the settled suspended matter, on the bottom of shelf slope and the resuspended matter is resulted to be moved upslope in one tidal cycle at 10 m above the bottom of shelf slope.