Extraction and Analysis of Land Cover Heterogeneity over China

Spatial heterogeneity exists in land surface at every scale, and it is one of key factors to bring uncertainty to land parameter retrieval from remote-sensed data. This paper proposed a methodology to use the boundary length among different land cover types to characterize and quantify land surface heterogeneity based on high-resolution land cover images. Then the heterogeneity feature at 1 kilometer scale in China was extracted from “GlobalLand30” land cover datasets with the spatial resolution of 30 m. The mixed structure, degree of fragmentation and intra-heterogeneity of eight main vegetation biomes from MODIS land cover product over heterogeneous surface in china were analyzed. Mountain area and ecotone are more heterogeneous than other regions. Savanna biome (average boundary length is 7 426 meters) is the most heterogeneous zone followed by forest, grass/crop and shrub biome with average boundary length of 4 323, 3 160, 1 779 meters, respectively.     

变化环境下东江流域水文干旱特征及缺水响应

在干旱事件不确定性和枯期径流变异性的双重影响下,水文干旱特征时序非一致性问题为其联合分布模拟带来困难。基于东江干流测站日径流过程数据,采用游程理论提取水文干旱事件,并结合干旱特征均值变化、时序一致性分析及边缘分布模拟,以确定干旱事件融合及剔除评判标准的合理取值。基于Rosenblatt变换Cramer-von Mises检验统计量拟合方法,构建水文干旱特征两变量联合分布Copula模型,并根据同频法设计两变量组合值。通过对比枯期径流变点分隔子序列干旱特征,分析变化环境下东江流域水文干旱特征及缺水响应。结果表明:水文干旱事件融合和剔除的评判标准值分别取0.1和0.3比较合理。干旱特征两变量之间具有较高的正相关性,但不同时间系列不同变量之间的联合分布及边缘分布最优模型并不一致。流域水库尤其是新丰江水库的径流调节作用,对于缓解东江中下游水文干旱效果明显,超阈联合重现期为2年的设计干旱持续时间、总缺水量和最大日缺水量分别减少了63%~71%、71%~84%和30%~47%,但如果要满足东江河道内最小管理流量目标,其依然分别达到了12~18 d、6 114万~9 030万m3和715.0万~929.0万m3。     

河南舞阳铁矿赵案庄组含矿层的岩石矿物组合特征及成矿作用

赵案庄型铁矿是河南舞阳铁矿床中重要的铁矿类型。通过采取矿区含矿岩层岩性标本,运用岩石学、岩石成岩理论、变质相的新理论对各种岩石标本进行偏光镜下的岩矿鉴定,分析各种岩石的矿物组合、岩石的结构构造、矿物的生成顺序、矿物的结晶力和变晶相系,确定不同含矿层的岩石组合,推断其变质程度,初步划分变质相;同时分析成矿组分在不同矿物之间的转换过程,建立初步成矿模式。总结了赵案庄组含矿层的岩石矿物组合特征,厘定了研究区含矿变质岩系的变质级、变质相系,初步分析各类变质岩中矿物组合在变质作用过程中的变化,确定区内各类变质岩的原岩类型;同时分析了成矿组分铁质来源、铁质在原岩的成岩作用及随后的区域变质作用过程的变化,不同矿质来源与矿石特征、矿体产出形态的关系,为深部找矿提供参考。     

A Multi-method Approach for Estimating the Failure Depth of Coal Seam Floor in a Longwall Coal Mine in China

Determining the failure depth of coal seam floor is necessary for safe mining operations, especially when the coal seam is located above confined aquifers with high water pressure. Geomechanical, geophysical, and hydrogeological data collected during the longwall mining of the first working face of coal seam no. 16 in the Nantun coal mine, Shandong Province, China, were used to calculate the failure depth of the coal seam floor above the Ordovician limestone confined aquifer. The multiple method approach employed by this study made use of the plastic sliding theory, empirical formulas, water injection test, and numerical simulation. Multiple methods can compensate for and validate each other and also overcome the intrinsic limitations of any single method. The results showed that the most appropriate value of the failure depth of the coal seam floor in the mine was 14.6 m and this value proved useful for knowing the effective thickness of water pressure-resistant layer below the coal seam. The failure depth also proved to be an important parameter when preventing groundwater flow into the mine from the coal seam floor.     

Numerical and Experimental Study of the 3D Effect on Connecting Arm of Vertical Axis Tidal Current Turbine

Vertical axis tidal current turbine is a promising device to extract energy from ocean current. One of the important components of the turbine is the connecting arm, which can bring about a significant effect on the pressure distribution along the span of the turbine blade, herein we call it 3D effect. However, so far the effect is rarely reported in the research, moreover, in numerical simulation. In the present study, a 3D numerical model of the turbine with the connecting arm was developed by using FLUENT software compiling the UDF (User Defined Function) command. The simulation results show that the pressure distribution along the span of blade with the connecting arm model is significantly different from those without the connecting arm. To facilitate the validation of numerical model, the laboratory experiment has been carried out by using three different types of NACA aerofoil connecting arm and circle section connecting arm. And results show that the turbine with NACA0012 connecting arm has the best start-up performance which is 0.346 m/s and the peak point of power conversion coefficient is around 0.33. A further study has been performed and a conclusion is drawn that the aerofoil and thickness of connecting arm are the most important factors on the power conversion coefficient of the vertical axis tidal current turbine.     

基于ELM的风电场短期风速订正技术研究

风速预测是风电场风功率预测的基础,其准确度严重影响着风电场的运行效率。为了提高短期风速预测的准确性,本研究采用了WRF中尺度数值模式,对我国东部沿海某风电场的风速进行预报。在此基础上,利用极限学习机算法(ELM)对WRF模式预报的风速进一步订正。实验结果表明,WRF模式对风速、风向等气象要素有着较好的回报效果,利用ELM算法对WRF模式预报风速进行订正后,预报风速的误差进一步减小,相对均方根误差和相对平均绝对误差降低了20%～30%。与其他的智能算法(BP神经网络、SVM算法)对比分析后得出,ELM算法对WRF模式预报风速具有较好的订正效果,能够有效提高风速预报准确率。     

云南省自动气象站土壤湿度数据质量控制

土壤湿度是控制陆地和大气间水分和能量交换过程的重要变量,而自动气象站观测是获取地表土壤湿度的主要手段。地表自动气象站观测的准确性能够直接影响其应用效果,因此, 开展自动气象站土壤湿度质量控制分析具有重要意义。基于2010—2014年云南省37个自动气象站土壤湿度数据,采用谱分析方法,以观测值及其Savitzky-Golay二次导数的平均值、均方差、变化率等统计量为判据,筛选剔除了观测数据中的随机噪声、异常峰值和异常平稳值。结果表明:云南省自动气象站观测数据均有缺测,两种异常值中,异常平稳值占绝大部分。与降水时间序列对比发现,不同降水强度下各层土壤湿度变化存在一定差异,砂质土站点对降水的响应最为明显,黏质土站点雨后土壤湿度变化幅度最小。