高分辨率遥感影像匹配中的相似性度量综述

影像匹配是遥感、摄影测量和计算机视觉等领域中的核心和难点,相似性度量非常关键却不被重视。结合当前匹配算法进展和匹配要素,深入阐述了典型匹配算法的特点和规律,并着重对匹配中的相似性度量进行了较全面而深入的研究和对比分析。同时,对遥感影像匹配的下一步发展提出了展望。     

Holocene vegetational and climatic variation in westerly-dominated areas of Central Asia inferred from the Sayram Lake in northern Xinjiang,China

Changes in the vegetation and climate of the westerly-dominated areas in Central Asia during the Holocene were interpreted using pollen-assemblages and charcoal data from a 300-cm-long sediment core of the Sayram Lake,northern Xinjiang.Accele-rator Mass Spectrometry(AMS) radiocarbon dating methods were applied to bulk organic matter of the samples.Artemisia spp./Chenopodiaceae ratios and results from principal component analysis were used to infer that the lake basin was dominated by desert vegetation before ca.9.6 cal.ka BP,which suggests a warm and dry climate in the early Holocene.Desert steppe/steppe expanded during 9.6-5.5 cal.ka BP,indicating a remarkable increase both in the precipitation and temperature during the mid-Holocene.Desert vegetation dominated between 6.5 and 5.5 cal.ka BP,marking an extreme warmer and drier interval.The steppe/meadow steppe recovered,and temperatures decreased from 5.5 cal.ka BP in the late Holocene,as indicated by the increased abundance of Artemisia and the development of meadows.Holocene temperatures and moisture variations in the Sayram Lake areas were similar to those of adjacent areas.This consistency implies that solar radiation was the main driving factor for regional temperature changes,and that the effect of temperature variations was significant on regional changes in humidity.The evolution of climate and environment in the Sayram Lake areas,which were characterized as dry in the early Holocene and relatively humid in the middle-late Holocene,are clearly different from those in monsoonal areas.Dry conditions in the early Holocene in the Sayram Lake areas were closely related to decreased water vapor advection.These conditions were a result of reduced westerly wind speeds and less evaporation upstream,which in turn were caused by seasonal changes in solar radiation superimposed by strong evaporation following warming and drying local climate.     

Neoproterozoic sedimentary facies and glacial periods in the southwest of Tarim Block

Based on the analysis of sedimentary facies and chemical index of alteration(CIA) in Nanhua and Ediacaran Systems in the southwest of Tarim Block,some features of glacial records in Neoproterozoic become more clear.Six sedimentary facies have been divided in the study area,including alluvial fan facies,lacustrine facies,glacial facies,littoral facies,neritic facies,and lagoonal facies,showing that this area underwent a process from continent to marine,with mainly littoral and neritic sedimentation.Two cold events have been recognized by analysis of CIA values in the study area,called Bolong and Yutang glaciation,respectively.They present as thick-layer tillite deposition in the Bolong Formation and thin-layer tillite deposition in the Yutang Formation,respectively.The Bolong glacial period in the study area can be correlated to the Yulmeinak glacial period in Aksu area,Tereeken glacial period in Qurugtagh area,and the Nantuo glacial period in South China,which is equivalent to the universally acknowledged Marinoan glacial period.The Yutang glacial period can be correlated to the Hankalchough glacial period in Qurugtagh,which is equivalent to Gaskers glaciation in Newfoundland.     

长江三角洲空间一体化发展格局的初步测度

一体化空间格局,并不是均匀的空间发展,而是经济更为集中、分工日益密切、生活水平从分异到收敛的过程。从密度、距离、功能分工和联系分割维度,构建评价区域一体化的4类指标,在宏观层面上对长江三角洲一体化的空间格局进行计算和分析。结果表明:随着一体化进程的深化,长江三角洲地区的开发密度不断增强,但核心集聚与区域扩散并存;交通可达性显著提高,区际间商贸流动距离缩短,成本下降;地区专业化水平提升,地区间实现分工与协作。其中,制造业正由原核心向外围转移,而生产性服务业则出现核心城市集聚态势;多层次、多模式的网状区域管治体系正在建立。     

福州平原两种水稻品种稻田的CH4和N2O排放通量动态

采用静态箱一气相色谱法,以常规稻为参照对象,研究福州平原地区目前正在广泛推广的超级稻稻田的甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放通量特征.结果表明,稻田CH4排放主要集中在水稻分蘖期,其CH4排放量分别占常规稻和超级稻稻田总排放量的76.7％和64.1％;常规稻稻田CH4排放通量范围为0.09～16.90 mg/(m2·h),超级稻稻田CH4排放通量范围为0.11～14.30 mg/(m2·h);在整个水稻种植期,超级稻稻田平均CH4排放通量比常规稻稻田约减少3.6％;常规稻稻田的平均N2O通量为7.7μg/(m2·h),超级稻稻田的平均N2O通量为18.0μg/(m2·h);水稻成熟期常规稻和超级稻稻田的N2O通量占总通量的50％以上,分别达到了55.7％和66.9％.从综合温室效应看,常规稻稻田的综合增温潜势为2 264.5 kg/hm2 CO2,超级稻稻田的综合增温潜势为1 977.04 kg/hm2 CO2,超级稻稻田的综合增温潜势比常规稻稻田低12.7％.在相同管理条件下,种植超级稻可以降低稻田的综合温室效应,并提高水稻产量.     

中国城市湿地公园研究现状

城市湿地公园是生态型城市建设中城市绿地系统和城市水系统的重要组成部分,已引起全社会的普遍重视,并获得广泛发展,尤其在华东地区发展势头较快,但是,指导中国城市湿地公园建设与保护的基础理论研究还比较缺乏.因此,通过统计分析中国城市湿地公园的地理布局特征、发展现状,综合分析了近年来对城市湿地公园的研究视角与最新进展.针对城市湿地公园发展中存在的问题,指出城市湿地公园未来主要的研究方向和内容.     

城市形态演化的粒子群智能随机元胞模型与应用——以上海市嘉定区为例

城市形态演化是一个非线性的复杂时空动态过程,认识、理解和模拟此变化过程,有助于探索城市扩展的机理。地理元胞自动机(CA)因其较强的复杂系统模拟和预测能力,越来越多地应用于城市形态的演变研究。CA"自下而上"的结构特性,与粒子群智能(PSO)由底层单元交互而呈现系统全局的自组织性,本质上是一致的。本研究将两者结合,以模拟结果和真实形态的差异最小化为基础,利用粒子群智能,以快速随机搜索的方式,获取CA参数的优化组合和模型结构,从而建立了一种粒子群智能地理元胞自动机模型(PSO-CA)。以上海市嘉定区为案例,通过较长时段的历史数据对PSO-CA模型进行校正,成功模拟了该区域1989-2006年的城市形态演化过程,并进行了2010年发展预测。与传统地理CA模型比较,PSO-CA模型模拟结果的精度更高。     

喉部结构不对称的微喷管数值计算

以FLUENT6.1软件为工具,利用湍流k-ε模型,求解二维稳态可压缩N-S方程,模拟了微喷管内的超音速流动,分析了喷管喉部结构不对称对喷管流场与喷管出口推力的影响。这种喉部结构不对称由于喉部上下顶点在x方向上偏离一定距离所造成。数值计算结果表明,喷管喉部上下顶点在流体流动方向的不对称,将导致喷管内部流体流场不平衡性,诱导喷管内部产生康达效应,使得喷管出口的x方向推力减小,y方向产生了多余的推力。     

西天山伊什基里克山早石炭世火山岩浆作用及其成矿

西天山伊什基里克一带早石炭世大哈拉军山组为岛弧环境的钙碱性钠质火山岩,Au-Cu异常与该火山岩的空间分布有较好的套合性,区内的金、铜矿点和矿化点也全部赋存其中,因而显示良好的金-铜成矿条件,其中与俯冲构造有关的浅成低温热液型金矿为最主要类型.同一时代的库勒萨依斑岩为钙碱性系列岛弧浅成岩,SiO₂含量57.06%~70.74%,高Al₂O₃、Na₂O、Sr和相对富集LREE,低MgO、Y、Yb和强烈亏损HREE; Na₂O/K₂O＞1,Sr/Y平均57.67,正Eu异常,因而具有典型O型埃达克岩特征.库勒萨依斑岩与Mo异常套合好,已发现钼矿床,找矿前景良好.库勒萨依斑岩与大哈拉军山组火山岩共同构成了早石炭世岛弧火成岩组合,丰富了本区的构造岩石组合类型,对恢复西天山大地构造演化有重要意义,也为深化西天山区域成矿规律的研究,指导寻找与岛弧火成岩有关的金-铜矿和与埃达克岩有关的铜-钼矿提供了理论依据.      

渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷中北区新生代幕式沉降过程

黄骅坳陷中北区是位于渤海湾盆地中部的一个重要新生代构造单元.构造层序界面分析、同生断裂活动和盆地沉降史回剥分析表明该区经历了幕式沉降过程,沉降中心显示出规律性的迁移演化特征.馆陶组底界面为区域性裂后不整合界面,将研究区的演化划分为裂陷期和裂后期.在裂陷期的充填序列中,沙一段底界面为整个研究区都可以识别的显著的角度不整合界面,以此界面为界,盆地的裂陷期进一步划分为裂陷Ⅰ幕和裂陷Ⅱ幕.裂陷Ⅰ幕发育了Es₃-Es₂地层,断裂几何学和断裂的性质表明该幕构造活动为北西南东向伸展作用所致,而裂陷Ⅱ幕发育了Es₁-Ed地层,为近南北向拉伸作用的结果.裂后期,从早到晚则表现为由稳定热沉降到加速沉降的过程.分析认为上述盆地的幕式沉降过程与区域应力场的转变密切相关,受控于周缘板块的动力学事件,尤其是晚始新世之后,太平洋板块对欧亚大陆向西的加速俯冲,促使了郯庐断裂右旋活动向南延伸和穿过黄骅坳陷的兰聊断裂北段的活化,形成了位于渤海海域的南北向伸展叠加区,从根本上改变了黄骅坳陷中北区应力场的分布,由此导致了盆地同裂陷阶段的幕式演化.