中国城市湿地公园研究现状

城市湿地公园是生态型城市建设中城市绿地系统和城市水系统的重要组成部分,已引起全社会的普遍重视,并获得广泛发展,尤其在华东地区发展势头较快,但是,指导中国城市湿地公园建设与保护的基础理论研究还比较缺乏.因此,通过统计分析中国城市湿地公园的地理布局特征、发展现状,综合分析了近年来对城市湿地公园的研究视角与最新进展.针对城市湿地公园发展中存在的问题,指出城市湿地公园未来主要的研究方向和内容.     

城市形态演化的粒子群智能随机元胞模型与应用——以上海市嘉定区为例

城市形态演化是一个非线性的复杂时空动态过程,认识、理解和模拟此变化过程,有助于探索城市扩展的机理。地理元胞自动机(CA)因其较强的复杂系统模拟和预测能力,越来越多地应用于城市形态的演变研究。CA"自下而上"的结构特性,与粒子群智能(PSO)由底层单元交互而呈现系统全局的自组织性,本质上是一致的。本研究将两者结合,以模拟结果和真实形态的差异最小化为基础,利用粒子群智能,以快速随机搜索的方式,获取CA参数的优化组合和模型结构,从而建立了一种粒子群智能地理元胞自动机模型(PSO-CA)。以上海市嘉定区为案例,通过较长时段的历史数据对PSO-CA模型进行校正,成功模拟了该区域1989-2006年的城市形态演化过程,并进行了2010年发展预测。与传统地理CA模型比较,PSO-CA模型模拟结果的精度更高。     

喉部结构不对称的微喷管数值计算

以FLUENT6.1软件为工具,利用湍流k-ε模型,求解二维稳态可压缩N-S方程,模拟了微喷管内的超音速流动,分析了喷管喉部结构不对称对喷管流场与喷管出口推力的影响。这种喉部结构不对称由于喉部上下顶点在x方向上偏离一定距离所造成。数值计算结果表明,喷管喉部上下顶点在流体流动方向的不对称,将导致喷管内部流体流场不平衡性,诱导喷管内部产生康达效应,使得喷管出口的x方向推力减小,y方向产生了多余的推力。     

西天山伊什基里克山早石炭世火山岩浆作用及其成矿

西天山伊什基里克一带早石炭世大哈拉军山组为岛弧环境的钙碱性钠质火山岩,Au-Cu异常与该火山岩的空间分布有较好的套合性,区内的金、铜矿点和矿化点也全部赋存其中,因而显示良好的金-铜成矿条件,其中与俯冲构造有关的浅成低温热液型金矿为最主要类型.同一时代的库勒萨依斑岩为钙碱性系列岛弧浅成岩,SiO₂含量57.06%~70.74%,高Al₂O₃、Na₂O、Sr和相对富集LREE,低MgO、Y、Yb和强烈亏损HREE; Na₂O/K₂O＞1,Sr/Y平均57.67,正Eu异常,因而具有典型O型埃达克岩特征.库勒萨依斑岩与Mo异常套合好,已发现钼矿床,找矿前景良好.库勒萨依斑岩与大哈拉军山组火山岩共同构成了早石炭世岛弧火成岩组合,丰富了本区的构造岩石组合类型,对恢复西天山大地构造演化有重要意义,也为深化西天山区域成矿规律的研究,指导寻找与岛弧火成岩有关的金-铜矿和与埃达克岩有关的铜-钼矿提供了理论依据.      

渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷中北区新生代幕式沉降过程

黄骅坳陷中北区是位于渤海湾盆地中部的一个重要新生代构造单元.构造层序界面分析、同生断裂活动和盆地沉降史回剥分析表明该区经历了幕式沉降过程,沉降中心显示出规律性的迁移演化特征.馆陶组底界面为区域性裂后不整合界面,将研究区的演化划分为裂陷期和裂后期.在裂陷期的充填序列中,沙一段底界面为整个研究区都可以识别的显著的角度不整合界面,以此界面为界,盆地的裂陷期进一步划分为裂陷Ⅰ幕和裂陷Ⅱ幕.裂陷Ⅰ幕发育了Es₃-Es₂地层,断裂几何学和断裂的性质表明该幕构造活动为北西南东向伸展作用所致,而裂陷Ⅱ幕发育了Es₁-Ed地层,为近南北向拉伸作用的结果.裂后期,从早到晚则表现为由稳定热沉降到加速沉降的过程.分析认为上述盆地的幕式沉降过程与区域应力场的转变密切相关,受控于周缘板块的动力学事件,尤其是晚始新世之后,太平洋板块对欧亚大陆向西的加速俯冲,促使了郯庐断裂右旋活动向南延伸和穿过黄骅坳陷的兰聊断裂北段的活化,形成了位于渤海海域的南北向伸展叠加区,从根本上改变了黄骅坳陷中北区应力场的分布,由此导致了盆地同裂陷阶段的幕式演化.      

应力主轴循环旋转条件下饱和砂土的变形特性

采用香港科技大学的空心圆柱扭剪仪对日本标准丰浦砂进行了3个系列、每个系列包含中主应力系数=0.1、0.5和1.0三种不同情况的纯应力主轴循环旋转排水试验。试验过程中控制作用在砂样上的有效主应力的幅值不变,仅应力主轴在0°至180°之间循环旋转。着重分析了纯应力主轴循环旋转条件下饱和砂土的剪切变形特性、体应变的发展规律及中主应力系数的影响。     

考虑影响区真实形状的竖向排水井地基固结解

针对现有竖向排水井地基固结解析理论对影响区一律采用圆形等效假定的缺陷,研究了影响区真实形状为正六边形的按梅花形布置的竖向排水井地基的固结问题。通过建立新固结方程和引入新的边界条件,并考虑土体水平渗透系数变化,得到了相应的解析解。对于土体水平渗透系数的3种变化模式,分别给出了各种模式下的特殊解。在此基础上,分析了3种模式下3个主要的无量纲参数对地基固结性状的影响,并比较了计算结果和现有理论结果。分析结果表明,影响区和涂抹扰动区范围越大,固结越慢;土体的最大与最小水平渗透系数之比越小,固结越快;在相同条件下,考虑扰动区渗透系数线性变化的模式2固结最快,而假定扰动区渗透系数不变的模式1的解与现有理论解相当接近,验证了现有竖向排水井地基固结解析理论中对影响区采用圆形等效假定的合理性     

河北邢台柏乡地裂缝成因分析

通过地球物理勘探和地下水动态研究,认为柏乡地裂缝主要是过量开采地下水引起的。过量开采地下水导致了该地区大面积的地面沉降,地层的差异沉降诱发了地裂缝;大量降水造成表层土软化,有些表层土随雨水流入下面的裂缝中,使地裂缝显现出来。     

Evaluation of impacts of climate change and human activities on streamflow in the Poyang Lake basin,China

Variations in streamflows of five tributaries of the Poyang Lake basin, China, because of the influence of human activities and climate change were evaluated using the Australia Water Balance Model and multivariate regression. Results indicated that multiple regression models were appropriate with precipitation, potential evapotranspiration of the current month, and precipitation of the last month as explanatory variables. The NASH coefficient for the Australia Water Balance Model was larger than 0.842, indicating satisfactory simulation of streamflow of the Poyang Lake basin. Comparison indicated that the sensitivity method could not exclude the benchmark‐period human influence, and the human influence on streamflow changes was overestimated. Generally, contributions of human activities and climate change to streamflow changes were 73.2% and 26.8% respectively. However, human‐induced and climate‐induced influences on streamflow were different in different river basins. Specifically, climate change was found to be the major driving factor for the increase of streamflow within the Rao, Xin, and Gan River basins; however, human activity was the principal driving factor for the increase of streamflow of the Xiu River basin and also for the decrease of streamflow of the Fu River basin. Meanwhile, impacts of human activities and climate change on streamflow variations were distinctly different at different temporal scales. At the annual time scale, the increase of streamflow was largely because of climate change and human activities during the 1970s–1990s and the decrease of streamflow during the 2000s. At the seasonal scale, climate change was the main factor behind the increase of streamflow in the spring and summer season. Human activities increase the streamflow in autumn and winter, but decrease the streamflow in spring. At the monthly scale, different influences of climate change and human activities were detected. Climate change was the main factor behind the decrease of streamflow during May to June and human activities behind the decrease of streamflow during February to May. Results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for basin‐scale water resources management under the influence of climate change and human activities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.