洛马普列塔地震破坏大部分归因于放大了的地面振动

地震灾害通常是在地球科学家之间单独地讨论,可是,当一次大地震发生时,财产的损失却很少能对每一种地震灾害分别加以概括。横扫北加州的1989年洛马普列塔地震4年之后,对以下的问题仍然没有定量的解答:由地面振动、液化、滑坡、构造地面破裂或者海啸引起的破坏究竟有多大?虽然一次地震的后果并非必定相继发生其它各种灾害,但回答这个问题有助于引导公共政策和建立研究的优先重点。当     

贵州六枝—盘县地区早二叠世隆林期类组合与沉积环境

六枝—盘县地区的早二叠世隆林期地层,相区分异明显、类化石数量巨大。各相区类化石群落特征差异较大:半局限台地相为Staffella-Nankinella-Pisolina;台地边缘生物滩(礁)相为Parafusulina-Pseudofusulina;斜坡-盆地相为Pseudofusulina,进一步划分为近岸碳酸盐上缓坡环境的Staffella-Parafusulina-Wentzellophyllum群落、远岸碳酸盐上缓坡环境的Pamirina-Schwagerina-Pseudofusulina群落、碳酸盐下缓坡环境的Pseudofusulina-Robustoschwagerina-Kepingophyllum群落和盆地环境的Pseudofusulina-Schwagerina-Verbeekiella群落。     

广西金牙金矿床的成矿流体

通过对成矿流体的无机成分、同位素等特征及有机成分的光学、谱学特征的分析,认为成矿流体是一种复杂的流体,至少由种流体组成,一种是与地层有关的油田卤水（有机流体）,另一种是含ＳＯ４＾２－的流体。此外,大气降水也参与了成矿,并从无机和有机相互联系的观点出发,探讨了两种流体相互作用的过程,指出了微观的找矿标志。     

稀土长余辉发光材料SrAl2O4：Eu^2＋,Dy^3＋的制备及性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法在低温、还原气氛下制备了长余辉发光材料SrAl2O4:Eu^2 ,Dy^3 用X射线粉晶衍射对其进行了物相鉴定，表明在1050℃已经得到纯相的SrAl2O4产物，1150-1400℃物相没有改变．仍是SrAl2O4相．研究了灼烧工艺、铕和锶的比值、硼酸的加入量、激活剂铕和镝的比值、基质元素铝和锶的比值等条件对SrAl2O4:Eu^2 ,Dy^3 长余辉发光材料的相对发光强度的影响．结果表明：采用H2作还原气氛，灼烧温度为1200℃，恒温2h，然后随炉自然降温的生产工艺，可制备出发光性能优良的长余辉发光材料．     

区域生物成矿系统中分子化石来源的复杂性

在由单个热液金属矿床的生物——有机质成矿作用研究向区域生物——有机质成矿系统深入的今天,分子化石的重要性和复杂性日益显得突出。热液金属矿床成矿带往往属于有机质的过成熟区,分子化石的存在首先要考虑成矿后迁入事件的叠加,从中排除某些生物成矿作用假象,如川甘陕金三角区。除了最常见的吸附有机质外,晶包有机质可以是有机质过成熟的金属成矿区分子化石的一种不可忽视的新来源,可提供流体源或矿源的信息,如长江中下游多金属成矿区。赋矿岩与蚀变岩之间的某些分子化石差异则蕴含着与成矿有关的诸如还原作用等化学反应信息,如长江中下游多金属成矿区。     

末次间冰期以来黄土高原的草原植被景观：来自分子化石的证据

利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC/MS)从兰州九洲台全新世古土壤(S₀ )、马兰黄土(L₁)和离石黄土顶部的S₁等黄土-古土壤系列中检测出种类众多的异地源和原地源分子化石, 这两类分子化石的共存与黄土的风成成因有关, 而只有其中的原地分子才对研究区古植被的恢复有意义. 在引进了一种评估异地源贡献的方法以后, 计算出来的原地源正构烷烃分布反映了研究区从末次间冰期以来发育了草原植被的景观, 其中全新世最暖期可能还有一定的木本植物, 末次冰期可能出现荒漠(草原)植被. 这些研究结果与新近报道的植物硅酸体资料吻合, 为末次间冰期以来黄土高原塬面上有关古植被景观的争议提供了新的分子化石方面的证据. 黄土地层的工作也揭示了在分子地层学的工作中, 要考虑异源分子化石存在的可能性.     

Microbial modulation in the biomass and toxin production of a red-tide causing alga

The effect of S₁₀, a strain of marine bacteria isolated from sediment in the Western Xiamen Sea, on the growth and paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) production in the alga Alexandrium tamarense (A. tamarense) was studied under controlled experimental conditions. The results of these experiments have shown that the growth of A. tamarense is obviously inhibited by S₁₀ at high concentrations, however no evident effect on its growth was observed at low concentrations. Its PSP production was also inhibited by S₁₀ at different concentrations, especially at low concentrations. The toxicity of this strain of A. tamarense is about (0.95–12.14) × 10⁻⁶ MU/cell, a peak toxicity value of 12.14 × 10⁻⁶ MU/cell appeared on the 14th day, after which levels decreased gradually. The alga grew well in conditions of pH 6–8 and salinities of 20–34‰. The toxicity of the alga varied markedly at different pH and salinity levels. Toxicity decreased as pH increased, while it increased with salinity and reached a peak value at a salinity of 30‰, after which it declined gradually. S₁₀ at a concentration of 1.02 × 10⁹ cells/ml inhibited growth and the PSP production of A. tamarense at different pH and salinity levels. S₁₀ had the strongest inhibitory function on the growth of A. tamarense under conditions of pH 7 and a salinity of 34‰. The best inhibitory effect on PSP production by A. tamarense was at pH 7, this inhibitory effect on PSP production did not relate to salinity. Interactions between marine bacteria and A. tamarense were also investigated using the flow cytometer technique (FCM) as well as direct microscope counting. S₁₀ was identified as being a member of the genus Bacillus, the difference in 16S rDNA between S₁₀ and Bacillus halmapalus was only 2%. The mechanism involved in the inhibition of growth and PSP production of A. tamarense by this strain of marine bacteria, and the prospect of using it and other marine bacteria in the bio-control of red-tides was discussed.     

高分五号卫星大气参数探测综述

高分五号卫星搭载了大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪、主要温室气体探测仪、大气多角度偏振探测仪、大气环境红外甚高分辨率探测仪、可见短波红外高光谱相机和全谱段光谱成像仪共6台载荷,对全球环境监测及中国大气气溶胶、臭氧、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、二氧化碳、甲烷和云等多个环境与气象综合监测方面有着重要的意义。为了更好的了解高分五号卫星任务的大气监测内容,本文对高分五号卫星其中的4个大气探测载荷特征和数据处理算法进展进行了总结,涉及各个载荷参数信息、算法介绍和产品初步结果等相关内容。高分五号卫星是中国专门用于大气环境监测任务的遥感卫星,随着后续卫星的发射升空,将对中国乃至全球大气环境监测提供强有力的数据支撑。     

The effectiveness of double hulls in reducing vessel-accident oil spillage

While much work has been done in investigating determinants of oil spillage attributed to vessel accidents, little research has been conducted on the effectiveness of ship hull design in reducing marine pollution. This paper addresses whether the double-hull requirement reduces vessel-accident oil spillage. The volume of oil spillage due to oil-cargo vessel accidents was investigated using tobit regressions and an empirical data set of individual vessel accident pollution incidents investigated by the US Coast Guard from 2001 to 2008. The results indicate that the double hull design on average reduces the size of oil spills by 20% and 62% in tank barge and tanker ship accidents, respectively.