Modeling the Warming Impact of Urban Land Expansion on Hot Weather Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model: A Case Study of Beijing,China

The impacts of three periods of urban land expansion during 1990–2010 on near-surface air temperature in summer in Beijing were simulated in this study, and then the interrelation between heat waves and urban warming was assessed. We ran the sensitivity tests using the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with a single urban canopy model,as well as high-resolution land cover data. The warming area expanded approximately at the same scale as the urban land expansion. The average regional warming induced by urban expansion increased but the warming speed declined slightly during 2000–2010. The smallest warming occurred at noon and then increased gradually in the afternoon before peaking at around 2000 LST—the time of sunset. In the daytime, urban warming was primarily caused by the decrease in latent heat flux at the urban surface. Urbanization led to more ground heat flux during the day and then more release at night, which resulted in nocturnal warming. Urban warming at night was higher than that in the day, although the nighttime increment in sensible heat flux was smaller. This was because the shallower planetary boundary layer at night reduced the release efficiency of near-surface heat. The simulated results also suggested that heat waves or high temperature weather enhanced urban warming intensity at night. Heat waves caused more heat to be stored in the surface during the day, greater heat released at night, and thus higher nighttime warming. Our results demonstrate a positive feedback effect between urban warming and heat waves in urban areas.     

公路积水阻断与降雨关系的探讨

利用2011—2013年全国公路积水阻断资料,分析了公路积水阻断的时空分布特征,并对公路积水阻断与不同时效降雨的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,公路积水阻断事件发生时间主要集中在5—9月,其中7月最为频繁,公路积水阻断事件以07:00—14:00为第一多发时段,16:00—20:00为次多发时段。公路积水阻断与前24h内的降水关系更为密切。区域不同,公路积水阻断随各强度降水变化的特点也不尽相同。经过开立方根处理后的降水因子与公路积水阻断发生的频次服从于高斯分布。其中,区域1公路积水阻断与处理后的1h最大降水因子关系密切,相关系数大于0.91;区域2和3公路积水阻断与处理后的6h最大降水因子关系密切,相关系数均在0.8以上;区域4公路积水阻断则与处理后的24h最大降水因子关系密切,相关系数在0.75左右。对于任何一个区域,诱发公路积水阻断的不同时效降水都处于一个较大的空间。对于给定的降水量只能判断公路积水阻断发生的可能性大小。     

降尺度方法在东亚气候预测中的应用

东亚气候变异十分复杂,全球动力预测系统对该地气候异常的预测能力偏低,如何进一步提高东亚地区气候异常的预测水平是一个非常重要的科学和现实需求问题。为此,近些年一系列的动力和统计降尺度方法得以发展。本文主要回顾了这些降尺度方法在东亚气候预测研究和实时预测中的应用。首先,文中简要介绍了我国目前应用于实时预测的全球动力预测系统及其性能,这是开展降尺度的科学和技术基础;在此基础上,从区域模式物理过程参数化方案的评估与遴选、区域模式在东亚气候预测中的应用两个方面,对于动力降尺度方法的发展和应用做了回顾;在统计降尺度的综述中,本文主要关注了东亚夏季汛期和冬季气候异常的预测,特别是针对东亚冬季气候异常,本文中提出了新的高效的统计与动力相结合的预测方法。最后,展望了短期气候预测需要进一步深入研究的科学和技术问题。     

光纤传感的后起之秀——分布式传感

随着对光纤中非线性效应研究的不断深入,光纤分布式传感器得到了广泛的研究和应用.本文介绍了光纤传感的应用领域,综述了基于布里渊散射、拉曼散射及瑞利散射3种散射光实现不同类型光纤分布式传感的原理,最后从光纤分布式传感优势方面对其未来发展方向进行了展望.     

贵州洞穴空间格局及影响因素分析

以贵州水文地质图和地形图为基础,利用ArcGIS对境内近5000个洞穴洞口海拔、经纬度提取及所在地层、岩性、水系、构造划分,并运用最邻近指数、空间分析与耦合分析处理,研究了贵州全省4960个洞穴的分布特征,探讨了洞穴空间格局与地理要素之间的关系。通过对贵州洞穴进行点格局分析,得出最近邻指数为0.53,泰森多边形检验其变异系数达72.469%,符合凝聚分布模式;并采用点密度函数将全省洞穴划分为4个集聚区和1个弱影响区,即遵义—铜仁强影响区、毕节强影响区、黔西南—六盘水强影响区、贵阳—安顺—黔南强影响区和黔东南弱影响区。其中贵阳—安顺—黔南强影响区是洞穴最主要的分布区,占全省洞穴总量的36.63%,该影响区面积占全省面积的24.67%。贵州洞穴分布呈西密东疏的分布特征,形成明显的“片状”格局。在其研究背景下,地层、岩性、构造、气候、水文、海拔等因素主要制约洞穴的分布、数量、空间格局及其发育。     

InSAR电离层校正中的平滑处理探究

针对距离向频谱分割法（range split-spectrum,RSS）进行InSAR电离层校正中多视视数和滤波窗口尺寸两种平滑处理参数选择较为主观的问题,采用国际参考电离层（international reference ionosphere,IRI）模型,通过目视对比和统计分析来评价RSS与IRI的相似性,并综合电离层分布特点为RSS平滑参数的选取提供一种相对客观的方法。最终为两对ALOS-2 PALSAR条带数据选取32×16的多视视数和600像素尺寸的滤波窗口,取得较好的InSAR电离层校正结果,验证了以IRI模型作为参考选取RSS平滑参数在无地表形变区域和缓慢地表形变区的可行性。     

Otolith Microstructure Analysis Reveals Different Growth Histories of Japanese Sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the Oyashio Waters

After decades of low year classes,the stock of Japanese sardine(Sardinops melanostictus)has begun to recover since the mid-2000s.The hatch dates and otolith growth rates of age-0 juvenile sardine,which were collected in the subarctic Oyashio waters in autumn 2018,were determined from an otolith microstructure analysis.The sardines were hatched from late January to late April,while mostly in February and March.The otolith growth rate increased continuously up to 60 d after hatching and thereafter de-creased.The revealed growth rate in a crucial growth period is faster than that reported for juvenile sardines collected in the 1990s,which is coincided with the recent recovery trend of the sardine stock.Two groups with different hatch dates,growth histories,and migration routes were identified using unsupervised random forest clustering analysis.They were considered inshore and offshore migration individuals in accordance with recent researches.In the offshore group,a high proportion of sardine juveniles hatched late and grew faster in the Kuroshio-Oyashio transitional waters,a finding consistent with the hypothesis of growth-rate-dependent re-cruitment.This finding on the population composition and growth rate of juvenile sardine in the Oyashio waters can be a basis for an improved prediction of their survival and provides us with valuable information on the recruitment processes of this stock during the period of stock recovery.     

12月龄多鳞鱚形态性状对体质量的影响

【目的】研究12月龄多鳞鱚(Sillago sihama Forssk?l)形态性状与体质量之间的关系,筛选适用于选育的主要形态性状。【方法】测定12个形态性状与体质量的表型参数,通过通径分析、相关分析和多元回归分析估计主要性状对体质量的直接影响和间接影响。【结果】12月龄多鳞鱚13个性状之间的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。通径分析表明,体高(X1)、体厚(X2)、眼径(X7)、体长(X10)和背鳍前长(X11)对体质量(Y)有明显的直接影响;除体长外,其他生长性状对体质量的直接影响均小于它们对体质量的间接影响,同时,体长对体质量的直接影响最大。相关分析表明,上述5个主要性状是体质量变化的主要影响因素。体长对体质量的单独决定系数最大(0.331),5个主要性状对体质量的总决定系数为0.928。建立的以主要性状为自变量、体质量为因变量的回归方程为Y=-13.339+2.913X1+3.352X2-4.467X7+1.473X10+0.763X11。【结论】体长、体厚、眼径、体高和背鳍前长等5个主要性状是影响多鳞鱚体质量的核心性状,其中体长影响最大。     

候选射电脉冲星的预测

对已知脉冲星大样本的统计和分析表明,绝大多数脉冲星的线偏振大于１０％,谱指数低于－１．比较了脉冲星和射电类星体及致密陡谱源的频谱和偏振特性的差别,以高线偏振、高谱指数、高银纬及在低频下较低流量等作为射电脉冲星候选者的判据,从新近释放的ＶＬＡ巡天和ＷＳＲＴ巡天结果中挑选出一个较粗的候选脉冲星样本．进一步考虑近期在部分天区中已作过高灵敏度的脉冲星巡天,所有落入这些天区内的候选源也都从本样本中排出．以候选源偏振度大小为序,给出了一个共４７颗候选源的子样本．     

基于人机交互方式的海图集一体化分幅

根据海图集制作中分幅设计需要处理的多种情况,提出了海图集一体化分幅方法,采用开放式模块化的方案流程,利用人机交互的方式,使计算数据与矢量数据相结合,结果可以在电脑屏幕上显示出来,使设计者的思想得以充分体现。同时利用批量数据联动处理的方式,提高了图幅设计的效率。