光衰减系数与悬浮颗粒物浓度的关系

海水中光合作用有效光强(PAR)的变化受多种因素影响,其中分布在海水中的悬浮颗粒物是造成PAR在水中衰减的重要因素之一,尤其是在风与潮混合作用较强的近海。已有的研究表明:PAR在水中是呈指数衰减的,并且在悬浮物颗粒物分布比较稳定时,光衰减系数k与悬浮物体积浓度线性相关。在生态模型中,往往需要利用k获得水下光强,而衰减系数k很难直接通过观测得到,因此本文目的就是建立衰减系数与悬浮颗粒物体积浓度的关系,后者可通过观测得到。经过对2个航次与2个定点观测数据的处理,得到了PAR衰减系数分别与所有粒径悬浮物颗粒物总体积浓度以及3种粒级(黏土、粉砂、细砂)悬浮物体积浓度之间的线性关系式,并且发现相对于细砂,较小粒径的黏土、粉砂的浓度能更好的表征PAR的衰减特性。     

脱硫海水排放对附近海域的生态环境影响初步研究

通过跟踪监测华电青岛发电有限公司脱硫海水排放口附近海域的水质、表层沉积物质量和海洋生物群落结构,初步探讨了脱硫海水排放对海泊河口及附近海域生态环境的影响。结果表明:(1)脱硫海水特征污染物排放对排水口下游水域会造成一定不利影响,主要表现在pH值和DO的明显降低以及水温的明显升高,影响范围局限于排水口下游400m范围内的河口段;(2)脱硫海水排放不会明显增加排水口下游COD、N、P的污染负荷;(3)脱硫海水排放未显著增加附近海域重金属的综合潜在生态危害程度,重金属的潜在污染风险较小;(4)调查海域冬、夏两季生物多样性较高,群落结构较稳定,脱硫海水排放未对生物群落结构和生物多样性造成明显的不利影响。     

人工诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育胚胎的SNP标记分析

利用紫外线照射灭活的同源精子,激活栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)卵子分裂,获得雌核发育胚胎,流式细胞仪检测胚胎细胞平均单倍体率为82.5%。对获得的胚胎进行全基因组扩增,获得足量的基因分型模板,利用高分辨率溶解曲线(HRM)技术对其进行96个单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点分型。结果显示,诱导雌核发育胚胎的位点检出率为96.27%,其中99.06%的位点分型结果与相应雌性亲本相符;单个胚胎中只表现一种等位形式的位点占91.67%~96.88%,平均为94.81%,较雌性亲本的纯合位点比例(64.25%)明显提高。本研究利用灭活同源精子诱导获得栉孔扇贝雌核发育胚胎,并利用单个胚胎的全基因组扩增产物进行基因位点分析,为扇贝人工诱导雌核发育个体的早期多基因位点检测和评价提供参考。     

地下水灌溉回水对黄河流域化学风化CO_2消耗估算的影响

本文根据2012年6月和2013年5月采集的河南、宁夏和内蒙等引黄灌区地下水实测数据,并结合文献数据,探讨了引黄灌区地下水离子组成的分布特征。结果表明:因受蒸发作用和人为因素影响较小,深层地下水矿化度和HCO-3的浓度小于浅层水,但HCO-3占阴离子比例大于浅层水。因各灌区蒸发量、降雨量以及岩性的不同,浅层地下水化学组成和风化来源阳离子浓度在各灌区表现出较大的差异。HCO-3占阴离子的比例在河南灌区最高,内蒙灌区中部和宁夏灌区次之,内蒙灌区东西部最低。河南和内蒙灌区风化来源阳离子浓度相差不多,均大于宁夏灌区。灌区浅层地下水灌溉回水高估的黄河流域化学风化消耗CO2的量为23.3×108 mol/a。     

移植操作胁迫对天鹅湖大叶藻存活、生长及光合色素含量的影响

2009年4月利用植株枚订移植法在山东荣成天鹅湖海域开展大叶藻植株移植,于5~10月监测移植大叶藻植株的存活率,并逐月采集自然和移植大叶藻植株,比较了植株生长、叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量的变化,分析了移植操作胁迫对大叶藻存活、生长、叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量的影响。结果显示,移植后1~2个月,移植植株的平均成活率较高,至移植后4个月,平均成活率降至57.8%,之后保持稳定。移植后6个月内,叶长移植植株均极显著低于自然植株;根长和茎节长在移植后1个月时移植植株显著低于自然植株,移植2个月后与自然植株无明显差异,甚至显著高于自然植株;叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量在移植后1个月时移植植株显著低于自然植株,移植2个月后则与天然植株无明显不同,甚至显著高于自然植株,但10月份移植植株的叶绿素含量明显下降。结果表明,移植操作对大叶藻植株的地上部分产生了严重的胁迫作用和较长的胁迫时间,而移植植株的地下部分及叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素在经过短期胁迫后,能够通过自身的补偿机制分别实现快速生长和显著增加,从而利于植株的扎根、固着和提高植株的光合作用能力。     

Zinc and copper bioaccumulation in fish from Laizhou Bay,the Bohai Sea

Abstract Zinc （Zn） and copper （Cu） concentrations were determined in the tissues （muscle, stomach, liver, gills, skin, and gonads） of five commercial fish species （mullet Liza haematocheilus, flathead Platycephalus indicus, mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius, silver pomfret Pampus argenteus, and sea bass Lateolabrax japonicus） from Laizhou Bay in the Bohai Sea. Metal bioaccumulation was highest in the metabolically active tissues of the gonads and liver. Bioconcentration factors for Zn were higher in all tissues （gonads 44.35, stomach 7.73, gills 7.72, liver 5.61, skin 4.88, and muscle 1.63） than the corresponding values for Cu （gonads 3.50, stomach 3.00, gills 1.60, liver 5.43, skin 1.50, and muscle 0.93）. Mackerel tissues accumulated metal to higher concentrations than did other fish species, but bioaccumulation levels were not significantly correlated with the trophic levels of the fish. Zn and Cu concentrations in the tissues were generally negatively correlated with fish length, except for a few tissues of sea bass. Risk assessment based on national and international permissible limits and provisional tolerances for weekly intake of Zn and Cu revealed that the concentrations of these two metals in muscle were relatively low and would not pose hazards to human health.     

Effects of corridor networks on plant species composition and diversity in an intensive agriculture landscape

The development of modern agriculture has resulted in much homogenization of the landscape consisting of large patches of farmland,so small remnant non-crop habitats especially linear corridors play an important role in the conservation of species and the maintenance of ecosystem functions.However,little attention has been paid to the effects of corridors structural characteristics on the plant species restricted to such habitats.In this study,we selected three types of corridors including ditch,hedgerow and road,and ana-lyzed their structural characteristics.The plant species presented in these corridors were investigated,and the species diversity,abun-dance and frequency were estimated.Moreover,spatial arrangements of corridors were classified into different types to discuss whether there were significant effects of corridor network on plant distribution.The results show that three types of corridors have different ef-fects on plant species composition and diversity.The one-one combined corridor networks and total network associated by three corri-dors have more complex structural features than each single type of corridor.However,there is no strong correlation between the corri-dor networks with their plant species.We suggest that carrying out a pointed vegetation survey at corridor intersections to further test the relationships between structural features of corridor and plants is necessary.     

基于模糊小波网络的伺服系统参数辨识研究

伺服系统大多是非线性系统,难以对其建立准确的控制模型,其位置、和速度检测信号易受干扰,而小波网络具有多分辨率特性和任意逼近能力。利用其非线性映射能力对系统的输入输出关系进行模拟,将小波网络和模糊规则结合对系统的位置和速度进行辨识,动态调整网络的权值W和模糊规则,将非线性映射的问题转化为求解系统最优解,从而产生一种新的系统辨识方法,并以永磁伺服系统为例,设计了辨识的结构模型和策略,实验表明该算法可以达到较高的系统控制要求。     

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