海岸地形测量技术发展思考

海岸地形测量是海洋测绘的重要组成部分,也是作业难度最大、技术能力最薄弱的环节。深入分析了海岸地形测量技术的现状、特点和不足,研究了卫星、航空、地面等多种新的测量技术应用特点,提出了海岸地形测量应用的初步方案,为推进海岸地形测量技术体系建设,提高海洋测绘技术水平,保障日益拓展的多样化需求进言献策。     

胶州湾夜光藻种群动态及其大量繁殖的生态机制

为研究胶州湾夜光藻大量繁殖的生态机制,于2015年逐月对胶州湾12个站位进行了多学科综合调查,获取了温度、盐度、营养盐等环境因子的周年数据,分析了夜光藻种群丰度和结构的时空分布特征,探讨了环境因子对夜光藻种群动态的影响,以及夜光藻种群增长与其繁殖方式的相关关系。结果发现:全年各站位夜光藻丰度范围为0—31.17×10~3ind./m~3,月平均丰度呈现双峰分布;二分裂个体比例介于0—31.25‰,有性繁殖个体比例介于0—29.41‰,两种繁殖方式均呈现出季节差异及空间差异。相关性分析表明,影响夜光藻种群动态的主要因子包括水温、叶绿素a、硝氮及亚硝氮。夜光藻是冷水种,水温与夜光藻种群丰度、两种繁殖个体比例均呈显著负相关;叶绿素a反映夜光藻食物的丰富程度,与夜光藻丰度、两种繁殖个体比例呈显著正相关;亚硝氮和硝氮可能对夜光藻代谢繁殖起调控作用,与夜光藻丰度及有性繁殖个体比例呈负相关。     

关于“气煤弹性各向异性系数实验测试”一文的讨论

研究、确定气煤弹性各向异性的类型和大小,对煤田地震各向异性理论的研究具有重要意义."气煤弹性各向异性系数实验测试"一文通过对15块气煤岩样的超声测量,对气煤的弹性各向异性特征进行了分析,获得了对气煤地震勘探有指导意义的结论.但该文的一些理论概念和公式的使用及结论的获得有值得商榷的地方.本文针对此提出了一些修正意见,并利用该文的测试数据进行了补充分析,获得了气煤弹性各向异性相对完整的认识.     

Equilibrium thallium isotope fractionation and its constraint on Earth’s late veneer

Equilibrium isotope fractionation of thallium(Tl) includes the traditional mass-dependent isotope fractionation effect and the nuclear volume effect(NVE). The NVE dominates the overall isotope fractionation, especially at high temperatures. Heavy Tl isotopes tend to be enriched in oxidized Tl^3+-bearing species. Our NVE fractionation results of oxidizing Tl^+ to Tl^3+ can explain the positive enrichments observed in ferromanganese sediments. Experimental results indicate that there could be0.2–0.3 e-unit fractionation between sulfides and silicates at 1650 ℃. It is consistent with our calculation results,which are in the range of 0.17–0.38 e-unit. Importantly,Tl’s concentration in the bulk silicate Earth(BSE) can be used to constrain the amount of materials delivered to Earth during the late veneer accretion stage. Because the Tl concentration in BSE is very low and its Tl isotope composition is similar with that of chondrites, suggesting either no Tl isotope fractionation occurred during numerous evaporation events, or the Tl in current BSE was totally delivered by late veneer. If it is the latter, the Tl-contentbased estimation could challenge the magnitude of late veneer which had been constrained by the amount of highly siderophile elements in BSE. Our results show that the lateaccreted mass is at least five-times larger than the previously suggested magnitude, i.e., 0.5 wt% of current Earth’s mass. The slightly lighter 205 Tl composition of BSE relative to chondrites is probable a sign of occurrence of Tlbearing sulfides, which probably were removed from the mantle in the last accretion stage of the Earth.     

泥炭质土地基流变非线性沉降计算

泥炭质土是一种特殊的区域性软土,其上建构筑物易产生较大工后沉降,对建构筑安全影响很大。将其沉降分为三个部分:侧向变形引起的沉降、侧限条件下产生的沉降及次固结沉降,根据邓肯\|张本构模型建立压缩模量与割线模量间关系,结合广义胡克定律推导式,计算得到侧向变形产生的沉降。分别利用e-p、e-lgp及e-lnp曲线计算土压缩模量,用分层总合法计算侧限条件下的沉降。对泥炭质土进行高压固结蠕变试验,通过邓肯-张模型概念得到割线模量,并对原始五元件流变模型进行非线性改进,再引入修正系数φ_s对原始五元件流变模型及非线性模型进行修正;用修正后的两模型对蠕变试验曲线进行拟合,发现修正原始模型拟合效果极差,修正非线性模型拟合的相关系数都大于0.9,并得到适合描述泥炭质土蠕变的本构方程;最后采用修正后的两模型,结合分层总和法计算次固结沉降。研究结果表明泥炭质土最终沉降计算结果与实际调查结果吻合,验证了计算结果的合理性,也为泥炭质土的沉降计算提供了计算理论及能反映其蠕变特性的本构模型。     

三维非均匀地质模型中的逐段迭代射线追踪

地震射线追踪是地震定位、层析成像、偏移等领域的重要正演环节.随着这些领域研究的深入,针对传统的网格结构和层状结构在描述复杂地质模型遇到的很大困难,我们采用大小不等、形状各异的地质块组成的集合体来描述三维复杂地质模型,并用三角形面片来描述地质块之间的物性间断面,理论上可以描述任意复杂的地质模型.为适应任意非均匀速度分布的地质模型,基于费马原理,本文发展了与之相适应的逐段迭代射线追踪方法.该方法属于弯曲法范畴,对路径点采用一阶显式增量修正,相对于传统的迭代法,高效省时.数值试验表明,联合逐段迭代法和伪弯曲法的射线追踪扰动修正方案在三维复杂非均匀块状模型中有适用性和高效性.     

中国油气页岩分布与存储潜能和前景分析

基于当今化石油气能源的需求还在扩展,它的紧缺势态波及全球,而我国的确需要更多的页岩油气.为此,非常规油气能源,特别是页岩油气的勘探、开发和利用就必然地提到社会进步和经济发展的议程上,并得到世界各个国家的高度重视.因此,页岩油气现已成为我国能源界和科技界及政府部门的热门话题.在经过了一段时间的"热炒"和依据尚不充分的评估后,本文通过对中外有关资料的分析和讨论认为:1)必须在了解世界各国、特别是北美页岩油气赋存与开发的条件下,认识我国页岩的分布状态和页岩油气潜能;2)在理解其它国家页岩属性、页岩油气的前景和勘查及储存背景下,在我国较全面的进行页岩和页岩油气存储的勘探和对其进行要素匹配,并选择远景好的典型地区进行示范研究与探索;3)集理念与实践综合研究制定页岩油气在我国的发展方案和路线图.     

Comparison of ground motions from the 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor–Cucapah earthquake with the next generation attenuation ground motion prediction equations

A total of 144 free-field ground motions with closest site-to-rupture distances (R_rup) less than 200 km recorded during the 2010 M_w 7.2 El Mayor–Cucapah earthquake are used to investigate predictive capabilities of the next generation attenuation (NGA) ground-motion prediction equations (GMPE). The NGA GMPEs underpredict observed spectral accelerations at sites with shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m of the site (V_s30) between 180 and 366 m/s with R_rup from about 10 to 50 km and overpredict at sites with R_rup from about 50 to 200 km. Intra-event residuals of the NGA GMPEs exhibit a noticeable negative trend for peak ground acceleration and 0.3, 1.0, and 2.0 s periods. Comparison of the inter-event residual between the 2010 M_w 7.2 El Mayor–Cucapah earthquake and the NGA dataset reveals that short-period inter-event residuals from the 2010 M_w 7.2 El Mayor–Cucapah earthquake is within the scatter of inter-event residuals from the NGA dataset but long-period inter-event residuals do not appear within of the scatter of inter-event residuals from the NGA dataset. Spectral accelerations predicted by the NGA GMPEs are generally unbiased against V_s30 and periods of less than 4.0 s. Observed spectral accelerations show a stronger V_s30 dependence for both short and long periods compared with the NGA GMPEs. The Boore and Atkinson (Earthq Spectra 24(1):99–138, 2008) and Chiou and Youngs (Earthq Spectra 24(1):173–215, 2008) GMPEs perform better in predicting observed short-period spectral accelerations at the sites with V_s30 between 180 and 250 m/s than the Abrahamson and Silva (Earthq Spectra 24(1):67–97, 2008) and Campbell and Bozorgnia (Earthq Spectra 24(1):139–171, 2008) GMPEs.     

钢管混凝土框架-混凝土核心筒减震结构振动台试验研究

某超高层钢管混凝土框架-混凝土核心筒结构因指标超限在设计中采用了耗能减震技术,为了检验该减震结构的抗震性能,制作了1/35的缩尺模型,通过在钢管混凝土框架设置阻尼器或不设置阻尼器,进行模拟地震振动台对比试验,研究了模型结构的动力特性和不同烈度地震作用下的加速度、位移和应变响应。研究结果表明:地震作用下,该钢管混凝土框架-混凝土核心筒减震结构与钢管混凝土框架-混凝土核心筒结构相比,位移、加速度和应变响应均有一定程度的降低;罕遇地震作用下,通过设置耗能减震构件,层间位移角最大值从超过规范要求的1/84减低至满足规范要求的1/130,表明该减震结构具有更优良的抗震性能。