Phosphorus forms and distribution in Zhejiang coastal sediment in the East China Sea

Surface and core sediment samples were collected from Zhejiang coastal waters of the East China Sea to study phosphorus（P） forms and understand the potential release of P as well as adsorption.The sediments were extracted sequentially to determine four phosphorus fractions,and non-sequentially for total phosphorus（TP）.The total concentration of phosphorus in the surface sediments ranged from 527.2 to 680.5 mg kg-1.Inorganic P was the major form and accounted for 84-94%of TP.Among the four forms,P-Detrital was dominant（58.6-73.2%）,followed by P-CDB（10.5-20.9%）,P-Organic（6.1-15.9%）,and P-CFA（5.9-16.3%）.The distribution pattern of TP in the surface sediments was similar to that of P-Detrital and P-Organic,but different from P-CDB and P-CFA.A relatively high level of phosphorus was observed in estuarine sediments,reflecting the influence from terrestrial input.Phosphorus in all forms in core sediments at each station decreased with depth.In addition,potentially bio-available phosphorus accounted for 20-34%of TP.     

利用DEMETER卫星数据统计分析全球Mw≥7.0 地震的电离层电子浓度异常

基于法国DEMETER卫星ISL探测器升轨数据,统计分析了2005—2009年全球37个M_w≥7.0级地震前后电离层电子浓度变化.结果发现,共有19个地震（51%）前观测到了较为明显的电子浓度异常扰动现象,其中大部分表现为异常增强;观测到的电子浓度异常现象一般出现在震前1~5天内,也有部分地震前出现两次及以上扰动现象.分析表明,在赤道和中低纬地区更容易观测到明显的电子浓度扰动,即异常震例基本发生在纬度±40°以内（18次）,更是以±20°内居多（13次）.此外,震源深度对电子浓度扰动的影响并不明显,而震级大小则与扰动幅度基本上呈正相关;震前出现的电子浓度异常有时会受到地磁活跃的共同影响,此时的扰动幅度一般较大.地震电离层扰动现象是复杂多变的,需要联合地基和天基手段共同观测,并从机理上加强研究.     

山东及附近海域构造环境剪应力场分析

利用山东数字地震台网的地震波形记录,选取2007年以来台网记录清晰的ML≥2．0数字地震波形资料,计算每次地震的环境剪应力值τ0和矩震级MW,并分析其相关关系;结合山东地区地质构造和地震活动性特点,对胶东半岛及北部海域、南黄海北部地区、沂沭带地区、冀鲁豫交界地区应力场分布和时空变化进行细致分析,并探讨其区域特征及与地震活动性的关系。     

Identifying spatio-temporal variation and controlling factors of chemistry in groundwater and river water recharged by reclaimed water at Huai River,North China

Reclaimed water is efficiently used to recover the dry river, but river water and groundwater may be impacted considering the water quality. Thus, it is critical to study the factors controlling water chemistry. Samples of reclaimed water, river and groundwater were collected monthly from January to September in 2010, in Huai River (North China). And samples were analyzed for major 15 physio-chemical parameters. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, 9 months are divided into two distinct groups, which show the clear temporal variation. In reclaimed water and river water, one group includes February, while the other includes other months. In shallow and deep groundwater, one group includes months from January to April, while the other encompasses others. Monitoring stations are classified into three groups. Group A with high value of ions and nitrogen (order: NH₄-N > NO₃-N > NO₂-N) includes reclaimed water and river water. Group B with moderate concentration and nitrogen (order: NO₃-N > NH₄-N > NO₂-N) includes all shallow groundwater and one deep groundwater. Group C with the low value and nitrogen (order: NO₃-N > NO₂-N > NH₄-N), includes two deep groundwater. Using multivariate analysis and ionic relationships, river water chemistry is found to be controlled by reclaimed water and evaporation process; chemistry in shallow groundwater and one deep groundwater, with type of Na–Ca(Mg)–HCO₃–Cl, is controlled by dissolution of calcite, carbonate weathering. Additionally, reactions of nitrification, denitrification and cation exchange occur in the infiltration of reclaimed water; chemistry in the other deep groundwater, with type of Ca–Mg–HCO₃–Cl, is controlled by dissolution of calcite, carbonate weathering and denitrification.     

Soil phosphorus bioavailability assessed by XANES and Hedley sequential fractionation technique in a glacier foreland chronosequence in Gongga Mountain,Southwestern China

The primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems is influenced by soil phosphorus bioavailability, which depends largely on chemical fractions of phosphorus. The sequential fractionation technique developed by Hedley et al. or its subsequent modification is a well-known method to determine soil phosphorus forms. Hedley sequential fractionation technique separates the phosphorus into fractions based on their different chemical solubilities in extractants with certain chemical properties. Recently, synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy has been employed to measure soil phosphorus species directly and non-invasively. The XANES method provides information concerning local structure and chemical information of target elements at a molecular level. Thus, it can distinguish phosphorus fractions bound by metal oxides or hydroxides (such as Fe, Al, and Ca). In this present work, the phosphorus speciation of topsoil along a glacial foreland chronosequence in Gongga Mountain is determined using these two methods. The changes in soil phosphorus bioavailability along the 120-year-old chronosequence are assessed based on comparisons of the results obtained by these two methods. The results indicate that Hedley sequential fractionation technique shows a greater ability to determine soil bioavailable phosphorus (Resin-P and NaCHO₃-P), while XANES is effective in distinguishing phosphorus bound by metal compounds. In the chronosequence, Ca- and Al-bound phosphorus were derived mainly from primary minerals, whose phosphorus contents decreased within 120 years of moraine weathering and soil development. The content of soil bioavailable phosphorus increased rapidly after 30 years since deglaciation. The increasing phosphorus bioavailability promoted the colonizing and primary succession vegetation.     

青海省共和-玉树高速公路新建块石路基下的温度状况分析

块石路基是多年冻土区应用最为广泛的多年冻土路基形式. 为了研究多年冻土区修筑高速公路后块石路基的效果,选取青海省新建共和-玉树高速公路3个块石路基监测断面的实测资料,对路基修筑初期多年冻土温度状况进行了分析. 结果表明：路基修筑初期路基中心原天然地表下0.5 m处仍表现出季节变化规律,至原多年冻土上限深度处,温度波动幅度急剧减小. 块石路基的保温效果与年平均地温密切相关,年平均地温越低,对冻土的保护效果越显著. 受阴阳坡效应的影响,左路肩/坡脚温度高于右路肩/坡脚. 左右路肩及中心孔下多年冻土上限都得到不同程度的抬升,抬升幅度主要受路基高度影响,与多年冻土年平均地温没有必然关系.     

祁连山大通河源多年冻土区浅层土壤水热时空变化特征

在大通河源不同草甸生态系统中建立浅层土壤水热监测网络. 2010-2011年监测结果表明：土壤温度和水分均具有明显的冻融交替和空间梯度变化格局. 在沼泽化草甸和典型草甸区,土壤融化和冻结末期分别出现在5月底、6月初和11月中下旬;而退化草甸区对应的时间则出现在4月底、5月初和11月中上旬. 在沼泽化草甸和典型草甸土壤温度变化曲线上有明显的“零点幕”时期,而退化草甸则不太明显. 土壤温度曲线的阶段划分结果表明,沼泽化草甸和典型草甸各阶段不存在显著差异,二者阶段划分曲线基本重合,均可以划分为6个阶段：春季升温阶段、春季“零点幕”阶段、夏季升温阶段、秋季降温阶段、秋季“零点幕”阶段和冬季降温阶段. 对于退化草甸而言,春季和秋季“零点幕”时期不明显,阶段划分曲线与前二者具有较大差异. 退化草甸温度曲线“零点幕”时期不显著对应于下伏多年冻土临近岛状多年冻土边缘,是最易于受环境影响变化而发生退化的区域. 3个监测场地浅层土壤水热格局一定程度上指示了下伏多年冻土的空间分布格局.     

喜马拉雅山北坡冰碛湖坝温度特征及其对堤坝稳定的影响

堤坝稳定性是评价冰湖溃决危险性的重要指标, 而堤坝的温度特征与其稳定性密切相关. 基于2012年11月-2013年9月对西藏定结县龙巴萨巴湖冰碛坝的0~150 cm不同深度的温度观测数据, 分析冰碛坝地温变化特征及其影响. 结果显示: 冰碛坝表层(<20 cm)地温与气温变化一致, 温度日变化常出现白天为正温梯度而夜间为负温度梯度的特征, 全年日均梯度一般为负温梯度(上部温度高、下部温度低); 中层(20~100 cm)和深层(>100 cm)表现为冬季下层温度高于上层温度的正温梯度, 夏季下层温度低于上层的负温梯度逐渐加强, 但地温日变幅逐渐减弱; 中间层地温变化不到气温变化幅度的1/5~1/10; 深层地温无明显的日变化. 冰碛坝的消融率约为2.1 cm·d^-1, 夏季消融深度超过250 cm. 现有夏季消融深度对堤坝的稳定影响有限, 但是湖盆区如果持续升温, 冰碛坝冻土的年消融率和消融深度都将增大, 致使堤坝稳定性下降, 溃决风险增大.     

一种控制直剪蠕变试验剪应力的简易装置

土的蠕变是指土在保持应力不变的条件下,应变随时间延长而增加的现象。研究土的蠕变性质对于确定土的长期强度有重要意义,土的蠕变研究也是近几年的研究热点。然而,土的蠕变试验周期特别长,因此简便、易行又有一定可信度的蠕变试验仪器,对于土蠕变性质的研究有较大的推动意义。直剪蠕变试验是研究确定土的蠕变性质的一种最简单、最直观的试验方法。但由于该试验只是控制剪切力不变,剪切过程中,试样受剪面积逐渐减小,剪应力持续增大,整个过程并不是蠕变。通过在传统仪器上附加一个简单装置,利用液体的浮力来控制试验剪切力,从而使得试样在剪切过程中的剪应力不变。在对仪器进行相应改进后,做了对比试验,检验该装置对剪应力的控制效果,试验结果表明,该简易装置可在一定程度上控制剪应力。     

吉林省饮水型砷中毒区地下水砷的分布规律与成因研究

吉林省饮水型砷中毒区是继中国内蒙古和山西病区后发现的新病区。该病区主要分布在吉林省西部的通榆县和洮南市,其水文地质单元属于松嫩平原大型蓄水盆地的西部,是由第四系潜水、承压水和新近系承压水组成的多层结构的含水系统。采用瞬时采样法采集了区内潜水和承压水样品,共194份;通过GIS的空间叠加技术、化验与测试技术,进行了区域水化学环境特征与饮水型砷中毒的关系研究。结果表明：受区域地质构造控制,在低洼地带堆积了巨厚的粉砂淤泥质冲积物和富含有机质的湖积物,为地下水砷的赋存提供了空间。区域地下水砷含量的范围值为0.001~0.339 mg·L-1,水砷价态以As(V)为主,高砷水主要分布在由若干隆起形成的中间低洼地带中地下水埋深大于10 m的潜水、第四系和新近系承压水含水层中。高砷地下水的形成与特定的水文地质条件和水化学环境有关,氯化物重碳酸钠型水中的砷含量最高。臭葱石（FeAsO4·2H2O）等含铁、含锰矿物在进入地下水的溶解过程中,形成铁、锰的氧化物和砷的化合物,如砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐。伴随着水环境中Eh的降低,氧化物被还原形成更为活泼的离子组分,吸附在氧化物表面的含砷化合物进而解吸,使砷从含水层的沉积物中向水中溶解和迁移。