新郑矿区地热资源潜能分析与保护建议

基于新郑矿区以平均每年0.0813×108m3的涌水量向地表排放热水,造成的地热资源损失和污染环境的现实,在分析地温地质条件基础上,利用热储资源量公式、卡明斯基公式和弹性储存量公式,分别计算了矿山开采前和开采后不同类型地热资源量,并对当前矿区地热潜能进行了评估。在此基础上,提出了选择煤层底板加固技术,保持岩溶裂隙水一定的水位、减少地下水排放和利用识别模型,选择适宜区段作为地热资源开采区,以调减矿山日常的排水量,尽可能维持渗流场基本不变,进而提高热储的潜能,实现节能减排,达到保护与利用地热资源的效果的建议。     

Predicting lake water quality responses to load reduction: a three-dimensional modeling approach for total maximum daily load

Water quality restoration efforts often suffer the risk of ineffectiveness and failure due to lack of quantitative decision supports. During the past two decades, the restoration of one of China’s most heavily polluted lakes, Lake Dianchi, has experienced costly decision ineffectiveness with no detectable water quality improvement. The governments are planning to invest tremendous amount of funds in the next 5 years to continue the lake restoration process; however, without a quantitative understanding between the load reduction and the response in lake water quality, it is highly possible that these planned efforts would suffer the similar ineffectiveness as before. To provide scientifically sound decision support for guiding future load reduction efforts in Lake Dianchi Watershed, a sophisticated quantitative cause-and-effect response system was developed using a three-dimensional modeling approach. It incorporates the complex three dimensional hydrodynamics, fate and transport of nutrients, as well as nutrient-algae interactions into one holistic framework. The model results show that the model performs well in reproducing the observed spatial pattern and temporal trends in water quality. The model was then applied to three total maximum daily load scenarios and two refined restoration scheme scenarios to quantify phytoplankton responses to various external load reduction intensities. The results show that the algal bloom in Lake Dianchi responds to load reduction in a complex and nonlinear way, therefore, it is necessary to apply the developed system for future load reduction and lake restoration schemes for more informed decision making and effective management.     

Estimates of potential nitrate reductase activity in sediments: comparisons of two incubation methods and four inhibitors

Sediment samples, collected from a large shallow lake, Taihu, China, were incubated in two conditions (with and without air extraction) with regard to four soil enzyme’s inhibitors (dry and moist heat sterilizations, chloramphenicol and toluene) to estimate the potential nitrate reductase (Nar) activities. The objectives of paper were to define (1) whether to exclude air from the mixture of sediment and substrate solution prior to incubation was necessary, and (2) the efficacy of four inhibitors when assaying the enzyme. No significant difference between two incubation methods was found (P < 0.05), indicating that it is not necessary for estimating the potential Nar activity in the sediment to construct an initial anaerobic condition by air extractions prior to incubation. Toluene (1.0 mL/g sediment) and dry heat sterilization effectively and persistently inhibit the reduction of nitrate to nitrite during the incubation of 42 h. The authors concluded that both should be used as preferred inhibitors. In contrast, chloramphenicol (30 μg/g sediment) and moist heat sterilization inhibitors restrained nitrate reduction for <24 h only. In addition, it was found that no nitrite produced was substantially reduced in 24 h. Therefore, it should be needless for potential Nar activity estimation in the sediment to add 2,4-dinitrophenol to inhibit nitrite reductase.     

Quick sulfide buffering in inner shelf sediments of the East China Sea impacted by eutrophication

In the eutrophic coastal ocean, quick formation of iron (Fe) sulfide is environmentally important to effectively prevent accumulation of dissolved sulfide and its detrimental effects on the benthic ecosystem. In this study, 0.5 N HCl-extractable labile Fe (LFe), acid volatile sulfide, and pyrite in the East China Sea inner shelf sediments were examined to investigate the mechanisms of quick sequestration of dissolved sulfide and potential impacts of frequent algal blooms on the capacity of quick sulfide-buffering in eutrophic coastal areas of the large-sized continental shelf subject to massive terrestrial input. The results indicate that sulfate reduction has been competitively suppressed by dissimilatory Fe reduction due to limited availability of labile organic matter. Dissolved sulfide can be quickly buffered by reaction with LFe and, therefore, is difficult to accumulate to a high level. The quick sulfide-buffering capacity has not become exhausted partly because of the formation of un-sulfidized LFe(II) via dissimilatory reduction of less reactive Fe oxides. It is expected that dissolved sulfide will not pose detrimental effects on the benthic ecosystem in the near future if the current biogeochemical/ecological state remains.     

Seasonal variability of oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes in precipitation and cave drip water at Guilin,southwest China

The interpretation of climatic information from stalagmites has traditionally been a complex research problem, with oxygen isotopes playing a particularly important role in global climate change studies. This study investigates the relationship between oxygen isotope composition of the atmospheric in precipitation and cave drip water at Panlong cave in southwest China on seasonal timescales of variability. Time series seasonal variability was derived from Panlong cave in Guilin by collecting daily precipitation samples for stable isotope analysis during 2012. Results indicate that δ¹⁸O of precipitation contains a clear seasonal variation whereby higher values are mainly distributed during winter and lower values during summer. Seasonal variations in water sources affect the precipitation δ¹⁸O values. Drip water δ¹⁸O also displayed a seasonal cycle which is attenuated relative to δ¹⁸O of precipitation. Drip water time series display seasonal cycle ranges from 1.5 to 3.5 ‰ relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, which mainly follow the precipitation δ¹⁸O seasonal cycle. Seasonal variation in drip water δ¹⁸O supports interpretations of the stalagmite δ¹⁸O record as a paleoclimate proxy sensitive to the local environment. This monitoring experiment revealed that drip water must be transported through the epikarst in approximately 1.5 months during cold periods, and <0.5 months during warm periods. Different residence time percolation is mainly affected by the atmospheric precipitation amount, depending on whether soil moisture reaches saturation.     

内蒙古卓资县大苏计斑岩型钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及流体包裹体研究

内蒙古卓资县大苏计钼矿床位于华北克拉通北缘中段的凉城断隆内,是近年来在华北克拉通北缘发现的一个大型斑岩钼矿床,矿体主要产于印支期石英斑岩和正长花岗斑岩中。成矿过程可以划分为石英_钾长石_黄铁矿±辉钼矿±磁铁矿阶段(早阶段)、石英_绢云母_辉钼矿_黄铁矿阶段(中阶段)和石英_方解石_黄铁矿±闪锌矿±方铅矿阶段(晚阶段)。矿石中5件辉钼矿的Re_Os同位素模式年龄介于(223.6±3.1)Ma~(224.2±3.4)Ma之间,其加权平均值为(223.9±1.4)Ma(MSWD=0.017),等时线年龄为(223.5±5.5)Ma(MSWD=0.026),表明大苏计钼矿床形成于印支期。大苏计钼矿床发育富液型、富气型、H2O_CO2型、含子矿物型和纯气相包裹体。成矿早阶段主要发育富液型、富气型包裹体,另有少量H2O_CO2型包裹体,其均一温度介于342~430℃之间,盐度w(Na Cleq)介于3.4%~11.0%之间;中阶段主要发育富液型、富气型、H2O_CO2型和含子矿物型包裹体,另有少量纯气相包裹体,其均一温度为234~380℃之间,盐度w(Na Cleq)介于6.2%~34.9%之间;晚阶段仅发育富液型包裹体,其均一温度介于202~280℃之间,盐度w(Na Cleq)介于1.2%~11.7%之间,指示该阶段有大气降水的加入。成矿流体从早、中阶段的H2O_Na Cl_CO2体系演化为晚阶段的H2O_Na Cl体系。早、中阶段流体均为不混溶流体,流体沸腾是成矿物质沉淀的主要机制。集宁地区钼矿床主要为斑岩型,至少存在晚三叠世和晚侏罗世2期钼成矿事件。     

剪切应变异常带近等距控矿模式—以粤西河台金矿为例

本文研究了河台金矿富矿体的分布规律并对河台金矿与富矿体有关的热液成矿期进行了构造-流体成矿数值模拟研究。研究表明,河台金矿的富矿体在平面上表现为左阶近等距的分布规律;剖面上也表现为近等距的分布规律,并都有北东向侧伏的规律。其中,据统计,河台金矿云西矿床相邻品位富集中心在侧伏方向上的距离为85~179m;河台金矿高村矿床相邻品位富集中心在侧伏方向上的距离为62~302m。剪切应变异常带是有利于发生剪切滑动与成矿的扩容区,且本区数值模拟产生的平面剪切应变异常带具有与富矿体分布特征一致的左阶近等距性。由此提出,剪切滑动之前剪切应变异常带的近等距性决定了剪切滑动后矿体的近等距性。以上控矿模式称为剪应变异常带近等距控矿模式。剪切应变异常带对矿体的控制可能形成于剪切应变异常带形成期的剪切滑动控矿及剪切应变异常带形成之后的微裂隙扩张控矿。将该模式控制的近等距性的矿体进行矿体统计分析预测,有望实现一定的找矿效果。     

芦山地震同震和震后地表形变及重力变化的理论模拟

为了研究芦山地震的孕震过程和震源区的长期构造过程以及解释实测的震后形变和重力资料, 采用分层介质模型, 利用数值模拟的方法, 考虑区域流变系数, 计算了地震引起的地表同震、震后的形变和重力变化以及区域内部分GPS与重力连续观测台站的震后形变和重力变化的时间序列.结果表明: 芦山地震的地表同震形变显示出发震断层明显的逆冲特性; 粘弹性松弛效应引起的震后地表形变和重力变化比同震形变和重力变化的范围明显扩大, 但随着粘滞系数的增加, 变化量明显减小; 观测台站的震后变化时变曲线显示震后形变和重力变化在震后50 a间变化显著, 100 a后基本平缓, 趋于稳定; 模拟计算的GPS台站中除了MEIG台和MYAN台以外, 其余台站的震后观测必须考虑粘弹性松弛的影响.      

基于热重分析的菱镁矿分解动力学解析

本文利用热重(TG)分析方法,探讨了菱镁矿的热分解过程。根据热微商(DTG)曲线峰顶温度,结合Kissinger及Ozawa-Doyle方法拟合计算得到菱镁矿热分解的活化能和指前因子(lgA)分别为211.55 kJ/mol和11.07s-1。依次采用单曲线拟合、多元非线性拟合及Malek方法判定得出菱镁矿热分解过程属于三维相界反应模型(R3),其动力学方程为:dα/d T=(1011.07/β)·e-211.55×103/(8.314×T)·3(1-α)2/3。     

叠覆式三角洲——一种特殊的浅水三角洲

不同于常规三角洲以分流河道体系所形成的分流河道、河口坝、席状砂等微相为三角洲朵体的基本单元,叠覆式三角洲以内部结构简单的朵体为基本构成单元,朵体相互叠置,形成复合叠合体,进而构成三角洲骨架。单个朵体由河道扫描或扩展而成,复合朵体则是由单朵体侧向迁移或前(退)积而成。三角洲因大量朵体叠置而形成厚层状、内部结构复杂的复合砂体。不同朵体形成于不同时期,因而不存在统一的分流体系,单一沉积体具有层状特征,但不同期朵体受可容空间和地貌控制,呈三维叠置,而非简单的层状叠加,从而使得三角洲内部呈现出拼合式、立体式特点。单朵体是结构的基本单元,发育范围有限,与相邻朵体发育于不同时间单元,因而只能在复合体约束下小范围追踪。单一朵体接触关系及接触界面的渗流能力决定了油气富集和注水开发响应特征。朵体迁移、叠置造成大面积、巨厚的砂层可形成大型油气藏,而同时朵体间泥岩的不均匀分布也造就了砂体局部不连通或朵体间连通性变化,为岩性油气藏形成创造了条件,并且影响了注水开发中的注采对应性,进而影响水驱采油效果。