Optical detection of Prorocentrum donghaiense blooms based on multispectral reflectance

Prorocentrum donghaiense is one of the most common red tide causative dinoflagellates in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River Estuary and the adjacent area of the East China Sea. It causes large-scale blooms in late spring and early summer that lead to widespread ecologic and economic damage. A means for distinguish- ing dinoflagellate blooms from diatom （Skeletonema costatum） blooms is desired. On the basis of measure- ments of remote sensing refectance [Rrs（λ）] and inherent optical parameters, the potential of using a mul- tispectral approach is assessed for discriminating the algal blooms due to P. donghaiense from those due to S. costatum. The behavior of two reflectance ratios [R1 = Rrs（560）/Rrs（532） and Re = Rrs（708）/Rrs（665）], suggests that differentiation of P. donghaiense blooms from diatom bloom types is possible from the current band setup of ocean color sensors. It is found that there are two reflectance ratio regimes that indicate a bloom is dominated by P. donghaiense; （1） R1 〉 1.55 and R2 〈 1.0 or （2） R1 〉 1.75 and R2 ≥ 1.0. Various sensitivity analyses are conducted to investigate the effects of the variation in varying levels of chlorophyll concentration and colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） as well as changes in the backscattering ratio （bbp/bp） on the efficacy of this muitispectral approach. Results indicate that the intensity and inherent op- tical properties of the algal species explain much of the behavior of the two ratios. Although backscattering influences the amplitude of Rrs（λ）, especially in the 530 and 560 nm bands, the discrimination between P. donghaiense and diatoms is not significantly affected by the variation of bbp/bp. Since aCDOM （440） in coastal areas of the ECS is typically lower than 1.0 m-1 in most situations, the presence of CDOM does not interfere with this discrimination, even as SCDOM varies from 0.01 to 0.026 nm-1. Despite all of these effects, the dis- crimination of P. donghaiense blooms from diatom blooms based on multispectral measurements of Rrs（λ） is feasible.     

西藏岗巴-定日盆地盖层特征与评价

岗巴-定日盆地发育一定厚度的生储盖层,作为可能盖层其分布较广.通过野外采集盖层样和室内测试样品的孔隙度、渗透率、突破压力等物性参数,结合盖层的横向展布及厚度,综合分析盖层封盖能力,作出正确评价.研究结果表明,盆地内不同地层中均有不同类型盖层分布,且单层厚度大,其封盖性不同,多为有利-较好盖层,为研究西藏油气保存提供了有力的地质依据.     

利用井中磁方位异常判断磁性体位置的方法

根据国产井中磁力仪能计算钻孔中无磁干扰井段磁方位角,而引入受水平磁异常干扰产生磁方位异常Δβ的概念;并阐明Δβ的符号与水平磁异常ΔH方向的对应特性,从而得出Δβ曲线图型与磁性体相对于钻孔位置的关系,提出Δβ为井中磁测定位解释的一个辅助参量。     

内蒙古金豆子山铅锌矿地质特征及成因初析

金豆子山铅锌矿赋存于华北地台北缘、白云鄂博裂谷带中的中元古界白云鄂博群地层中,属中低温热液矿床,受断裂破碎带控制。该矿床地表已控制的Ⅰ号矿带为矿床的主矿带,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ号矿带为隐伏矿带。矿石储量670多万吨,铅锌金属量约24万吨,平均品位铅1.85%,锌1.65%。围岩蚀变有褐铁矿化、硅化、绢云母化、绿泥石化、含铁锰碳酸盐化等。今后找矿的方向为金豆子山倒转背斜的断裂破碎带内,进一步勘查有望找到成因类似的铅锌矿床。     

Bedload transport and bed resistance associated with density and turbidity currents

Turbidity currents in the ocean are driven by suspended sediment. Yet results from surveys of the modern sea floor and turbidite outcrops indicate that they are capable of transporting as bedload and depositing particles as coarse as cobble sizes. While bedload cannot drive turbidity currents, it can strongly influence the nature of the deposits they emplace. This paper reports on the first set of experiments which focus on bedload transport of granular material by density underflows. These underflows include saline density flows, hybrid saline/turbidity currents and a pure turbidity current. The use of dissolved salt is a surrogate for suspended mud which is so fine that it does not settle out readily. Thus, all the currents can be considered to be model turbidity currents. The data cover four bed conditions: plane bed, dunes, upstream‐migrating antidunes and downstream‐migrating antidunes. The bedload transport relation obtained from the data is very similar to those obtained for open‐channel flows and, in fact, is fitted well by an existing relation determined for open‐channel flows. In the case of dunes and downstream‐migrating antidunes, for which flow separation on the lee sides was observed, form drag falls in a range that is similar to that due to dunes in sand‐bed rivers. This form drag can be removed from the total bed shear stress using an existing relation developed for rivers. Once this form drag is subtracted, the bedload data for these cases collapse to follow the same relation as for plane beds and upstream‐migrating antidunes, for which no flow separation was observed. A relation for flow resistance developed for open‐channel flows agrees well with the data when adapted to density underflows. Comparison of the data with a regime diagram for field‐scale sand‐bed rivers at bankfull flow and field‐scale measurements of turbidity currents at Monterey Submarine Canyon, together with Shields number and densimetric Froude number similarity analyses, provide strong evidence that the experimental relations apply at field scale as well.     

碳酸盐岩碳同位素地层学研究中数据的有效性

碳酸盐岩碳稳定同位素组成数据能否有效地反应原始大洋的同位素组成是稳定同位素地层学研究成败的关键,因此,如何准确地判断碳同位素比值的有效性成为该稳定同位素地层学研究中的焦点问题之一。碳同位素值有效性受成岩作用、地层缺失、样品处理过程等多方面因素影响,但成岩作用是诸多因素中最普遍、最主要的,因而正确判别碳同位素值可靠性通常也就是对样品及其同位素组成经受成岩改造程度的评定。确保碳同位素测试结果可靠应主要把握前期严格选样和后期数据分析两个重要环节。前期选样包括野外和室内两步,是在宏观尺度上对数据可靠性的把握;后期数据分析则主要是在严格选样的基础上,利用碳(及附带的氧)同位素自身数据特征以及借助Mn、Fe、Sr等微量元素特征从元素级别的微观角度对同位素值有效性做出进一步判别。     

论新疆吐哈盆地的两种构造单元体系

重点研究了吐哈盆地构造单元的类型、构造属性及其与构造反转之间的关系等相关问题.吐哈盆地的构造单元可归为2种不同类型的体系:坳陷/隆起-凹陷/凸起类型的体系和构造带类型的体系.前者为沉积构造单元,具有同沉积构造的属性.可代表盆地形成时期的伸展性结构与构造;后者则为变形构造单元,具有"后生或次生"构造的属性,反映或代表了后期的构造反转.吐哈盆地"东西分块"应是同沉积期构造格局的表象,"南北分带"则主要是后期挤压与构造反转的结果.由此也进一步证明,吐哈原型盆地属伸展性盆地,后期则因挤压改造而发生了构造反转.前述各种特征则可能是此类构造反转盆地所具有的特殊的地质构造现象.     

沉积型铝土矿预测方法及其影响因素——以贵州省铝土矿为例

以全国矿产资源潜力评价技术要求为基础,以贵州省铝土矿预测方法为实例,在简述国内沉积型铝土矿矿床类型、特征和预测方法的基础上,重点论述了地质单元法、网格单元法中划分预测单元、拟选预测要素和赋值的方法,以及地质填图精度、矿床特征、地-物-化-遥等信息对矿产预测的影响。该网格单元法考虑因素较全面,应用信息较充分,预测精度达到了矿体-矿床级。     

贵妃鸡14周龄体尺与屠宰性能的典型相关分析

测定14周龄贵妃鸡的体尺与屠宰性能相关指标,通过简单相关和典型相关分析,研究贵妃鸡体尺与屠宰性能的相关关系。结果表明:贵妃鸡公母鸡14周龄体质量分别为1 120.67 g和845.33 g,公鸡的体尺和屠宰性能(全净膛质量除外)均高于母鸡(P0.01);体尺与屠宰性能指标间存在不同程度的相关性,其中有2对典型相关系数达到了显著水平(P0.05),典型相关系数分别为0.985和0.824,体尺和屠宰性能的相关性主要由胫围、龙骨长、屠体质量、体质量和半净膛质量间引起;贵妃鸡可通过体尺选择提高屠宰性能。     

重力模型参数空间差异研究——以中国城市间铁路客流为例

重力模型是重要的空间相互作用模型,已经在相关研究和实践中得到了广泛应用.在重力模型应用中,结果对参数的敏感性较高,不同的参数设置就可能导致结果体系的巨大差异,故精确的参数是重力模型应用的基础.许多研究关注了重力模型参数的提取,但限于数据等因素,参数在空间上的差异性尚未得到充分的重视.本文采用2010年城市间铁路客运量作为城市间相互作用强度的反映,以城市市辖区居民总可支配收入作为城市的“质量”,刻画城市本身的吸引力,进而通过回归分析考察重力模型的参数结果;并结合地理信息系统的空间插值工具,分析重力模型中各个参数的空间差异并得到可视化结果.相比于既有研究,本文在变量选取中增加了城市间列车交流频次这一变量,与平均运行时间结合共同反映城市之间的“距离”,使模型拟合结果得到较大改进.结果表明,重力模型参数取值在空间上存在显著差异,对不同区域使用统一的重力模型参数可能使结果出现较大偏差,因此将重力模型应用到具体实践中时,不能忽略参数的空间异质性.