阿尔泰可可托海伟晶岩中弧形石英白云母层的成因及意义

石英白云母层时常紧贴伟晶岩侵入体的边界出现且平行边界延伸。但是在新疆阿尔泰可可托海伟晶岩型稀有金属矿区伟晶岩体中石英白云母层出现了三种不同类型的弧形起伏,这些弧形形态仅用矿物的定向生长是难以解释的。弧形石英白云母层具有统一的"背地性"指向(弧形凸起顶端一律朝上)并且越靠近伟晶岩侵入体的顶部弧形凸起越明显,在侵入体侧部边界的石英白云母层不存在弧形凸起形态。这些形态特点与浮力作用下形成的形态具有可比性,暗示浮力与弧形石英白云母层间存在密切的成因联系。石英白云母层与石英钠长石层的间隔出现指示伟晶岩浆中挥发分含量的周期性增加。挥发分含量的周期性增加导致了挥发分不断加入未固结的剩余岩浆中并向伟晶岩体顶部上升,逐步在伟晶岩侵入体的顶部形成了弧形石英白云母层。弧形石英白云母层的大量出现不仅说明伟晶岩侵入体规模较大,也暗示存在有利的挥发分保存环境,对伟晶岩型稀有金属矿产的形成和稀有金属找矿预测起到非常重要的作用。     

青海野马泉矽卡岩铁锌多金属矿区侵入岩、交代岩及矿化蚀变特征

野马泉铁锌多金属矿床位于柴达木盆地西南缘和青海祁漫塔格山之间的盆山结合部位.矿区出露有印支期及海西期侵入岩.矿区内矽卡岩呈层状、似层状产于上石炭统四角羊沟组中,矽卡岩矿物主要是石榴子石、单斜辉石、角闪石、绿帘石、符山石等;金属矿物主要有磁铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿等.文章基于详细野外地质调查、剖面和钻孔岩芯观察结果,开展了侵入岩和交代岩的岩石地球化学及矽卡岩矿物学的系统研究.结果表明,野马泉矿区闪长岩具有低w(SiO2) (51.90％～59.03％)、高w(MgO) (2.04％～3.44％)、w(TFeO)(5.33％～11.67％),高REE[(318.57×10-6～327.67×10-6)],低LREE/HREE比值(7.36～7.48)的特点;二长花岗岩具有高w(SiO2) (77.36％ ～77.41％)、低w(MgO)(0.04％～0.10％)、w(TFeO) (0.76％～1.08％)的特点,LREE/HREE比值较高(9.14～9.37).透辉石-钾长石交代岩比原岩低w(MgO)(1.17％ ～ 2.86％)、低w(TFeO)(3.89％～7.76％),且具有更强的Eu负异常(δEu=0.07～0.52),LREE/HREE比值更低(3.19～7.87).透辉石-钠长石交代岩相对原岩具有低w(MgO) (0.36％～0.92％)、高w(TFeO)(3.05％ ～8.13％)的特点.野马泉矿区的矽卡岩包括钙矽卡岩和锰质矽卡岩,钙矽卡岩主要产于接触带附近,组成矿物主要为单斜辉石和石榴子石,接近岩体的单斜辉石中透辉石端员组分较高,石榴石主要分布在接触带附近,内环带钙铁榴石组分高于外环带.综合矿物学、岩石地球化学结果,推断野马泉矿区闪长岩具有较大成矿潜力,野马泉矿区钙矽卡岩主要形成于氧化条件,锰质矽卡岩形成于还原条件.     

地震前兆仪器管理系统建设

长期以来,对前兆台网仪器的管理缺乏系统性。为此,研发了前兆仪器管理系统。该系统实现了对前兆仪器从购买到淘汰整个生命周期的管理,其中包括安装、接入、运行、故障、停测、报废等,以及仪器故障维修流程的管理,其中包括故障登记、处理、维修、备机备件库等。基于这些信息,对仪器及故障维修情况进行综合统计分析,为管理决策提供信息支持。本文主要介绍了该系统设计的一些主要技术方面和系统实现的主要功能。     

The lacustrine microbial carbonate factory of the successive Lake Bonneville and Great Salt Lake,Utah, USA

The Bonneville Basin is a continental lacustrine system accommodating extensive microbial carbonate deposits corresponding to two distinct phases: the deep Lake Bonneville (30 000 to 11 500 ¹⁴C bp ) and the shallow Great Salt Lake (since 11 500 ¹⁴C bp ). A characterization of these microbial deposits and their associated sediments provides insights into their spatio‐temporal distribution patterns. The Bonneville phase preferentially displays vertical distribution of the microbial deposits resulting from high‐amplitude lake level variations. Due to the basin physiography, the microbial deposits were restricted to a narrow shoreline belt following Bonneville lake level variations. Carbonate production was more efficient during intervals of relative lake level stability as recorded by the formation of successive terraces. In contrast, the Great Salt Lake microbial deposits showed a great lateral distribution, linked to the modern flat bottom configuration. A low vertical distribution of the microbial deposits was the result of the shallow water depth combined with a low amplitude of lake level fluctuations. These younger microbial deposits display a higher diversity of fabrics and sizes. They are distributed along an extensive ‘shore to lake’ transect on a flat platform in relation to local and progressive accommodation space changes. Microbial deposits are temporally discontinuous throughout the lake history showing longer hiatuses during the Bonneville phase. The main parameters controlling the rate of carbonate production are related to the interaction between physical (kinetics of the mineral precipitation, lake water temperature and runoff), chemical (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and HCO₃^? concentrations, Mg/Ca ratio, dilution and depletion) and/or biological (trophic) factors. The contrast in evolution of Lake Bonneville and Great Salt Lake microbial deposits during their lacustrine history leads to discussions on major chemical and climatic changes during this interval as well as the role of physiography. Furthermore, it provides novel insights into the composition, structure and formation of microbialite‐rich carbonate deposits under freshwater and hypersaline conditions.     

三峡库区范家坪滑坡地表形变InSAR监测与综合分析

位于湖北省秭归县的范家坪滑坡是长江三峡库区干流上的大型岩质滑坡之一。阐述了高分辨率合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(InSAR)监测滑坡地表形变的工作方法与技术体系,采用22景3m空间分辨率的TerraSAR-X数据,辅以人工反射体布设和GPS测量,对范家坪滑坡变形进行监测,发现滑坡处在缓慢匀速变形状态,其谭家河滑坡体的形变比木鱼包滑坡体更为强烈,形变最大处的雷达视线向形变速率达到300mm/a。通过综合分析滑坡区2012年大气降雨和长江水位资料,发现年度内范家坪滑坡变形受水位变化和大气降雨影响微弱。     

Frequency-dependent rupture process,stress change,and seismogenic mechanism of the 25 April 2015 Nepal Gorkha <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>w</Subscript> 7.8 earthquake

On 25 April 2015, an M _w 7.8 earthquake occurred on the Main Himalaya Thrust fault with a dip angle of ~ 7° about 77 km northwest of Kathmandu, Nepal. This Nepal Gorkha event is the largest one on the Himalayan thrust belt since 1950. Here we use the compressive sensing method in the frequency domain to track the seismic radiation and rupture process of this event using teleseismic P waves recorded by array stations in North America. We also compute the distribution of static shear stress changes on the fault plane from a coseismic slip model. Our results indicate a dominant east-southeastward unilateral rupture process from the epicenter with an average rupture speed of ~3 km s^?1. Coseismic radiation of this earthquake shows clear frequency-dependent features. The lower frequency (0.05–0.3 Hz) radiation mainly originates from large coseismic slip regions with negative coseismic shear stress changes. In comparison, higher frequency (0.3–0.6 Hz) radiation appears to be from the down-dip part around the margin of large slip areas, which has been loaded and presents positive coseismic shear stress changes. We propose an asperity model to interpret this Nepal earthquake sequence and compare the frequency-dependent coseismic radiation with that in subduction zones. Such frequency-dependent radiation indicates the depth-varying frictional properties on the plate interface of the Nepal section in the main Himalaya thrust system, similar to previous findings in oceanic subduction zones. Our findings provide further evidence of the spatial correlation between changes of static stress status on the fault plane and the observed frequency-dependent coseismic radiation during large earthquakes. Our results show that the frequency-dependent coseismic radiation is not only found for megathrust earthquakes in the oceanic subduction environment, but also holds true for thrust events in the continental collision zone.     

Mineralogy and major-element geochemistry of the lower Permian Greta Seam,Sydney Basin,Australia

The mineralogy of the high-volatile bituminous coals and associated strata from the Greta seam, Sydney Basin, Australia, has been evaluated in this study. Although the seam is not immediately overlain by marine strata, percolation of marine water into the original peat bed is indicated by the petrological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics, which resemble those of coals with marine roof strata. The upper and lower sections of the seam have contrasting mineralogy. Pyrite typically comprises 40 to 56 wt% of the mineral assemblage in the marine-influenced upper part of the seam section. The lower part contains much less pyrite (typically <5 wt%, organic-free basis), and also relatively abundant dawsonite (up to 14 wt%, organic-free basis). The minerals within most coal plies are largely of authigenic origin. These include pyrite, siderite, clay minerals (mainly kaolinite and Na-rich mixed-layer illite/smectite), and quartz, most of which have a relatively early, syngenetic origin. Minor Ti-bearing minerals, anatase or rutile, and phosphate minerals, fluorapatite and goyazite, were probably also formed during early diagenesis. Other minerals have features that indicate late-stage precipitation. These include abundant cleat- and fracture-filling dawsonite, which may be the result of reactions between earlier-precipitated kaolinite and Na₂CO₃- or NaHCO₃-bearing fluids. Minor albite may also be epigenetic, possibly precipitated from the same Ca–Al bearing fluids that formed the dawsonite. The most abundant detrital minerals in the Greta coals are quartz, poorly ordered kaolinite, illite and mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S). These occur mainly in the floor, roof and other epiclastic horizons of the seam, reflecting periods of greater clastic influx into those parts of the original peat-forming environment. Detrital minerals are rare in the coals away from the epiclastic horizons, probably owing to almost complete sediment bypassing in the depositional system. Alternatively, any detrital minerals that were originally present may have been leached from the peat bed by diagenetic or post-diagenetic processes.     

成烃贡献值及其在烃源岩评价中的应用

烃源岩评价是油气勘探的关键工作之一。为了更加合理、直观和有效地评价烃源岩,以辽东湾地区为例,通过对烃源岩常规评价参数的分析,提出了考虑有机质丰度、类型和热演化程度的综合指标——成烃贡献值,并利用该指标对辽东湾地区烃源岩进行了评价。从个体评价和整体评价两方面,与常规评价方法的结论进行对比研究。结果表明,辽东湾地区辽中凹陷沙河街组烃源岩对成烃的贡献比东营组大,中洼烃源岩比北洼好。由此可见,用成烃贡献值评价烃源岩,不仅可以达到常规评价的要求,而且比常规方法更加合理和直观。     

Hydrosulfide/sulfide complexes of zinc to 250 °C and the thermodynamic properties of sphalerite

The solubility of synthetic ZnS_(cr) was measured at 25–250 °C and P = 150 bars as a function of pH in aqueous sulfide solutions (~ 0.015–0.15 m of total reduced sulfur). The solubility determinations were performed using a Ti flow-through hydrothermal reactor. The solubility of ZnS_(cr) was found to increase slowly with temperature over the whole pH range from 2 to ~ 10. The values of the Zn–S–HS complex stability constant, β, were determined for Zn(HS)₂⁰_(aq), Zn(HS)₃^?, Zn(HS)₄^2?, and ZnS(HS)^?. Based on the experimental values the Ryzhenko–Bryzgalin electrostatic model parameters for these stability constants were calculated, and the ZnS_(cr) solubility and the speciation of Zn in sulfide-containing hydrothermal solutions were evaluated. The most pronounced solubility increase, about 3 log units at m(S_total) = 0.1 for the temperatures from 25 to 250 °C, was found in acidic solutions (pH ~ 3 to 4) in the Zn(HS)₂⁰_(aq) predominance field. In weakly alkaline solutions, where Zn(HS)₃^? and Zn(HS)₄^2? are the dominant Zn–S–HS complexes, the ZnS_(cr) solubility increases by 1 log unit at the same conditions. It was found that ZnS(HS)^? and especially Zn(HS)₄^2? become less important in high temperature solutions. At 25 °C and m(S_total) = 0.1, these species dominate Zn speciation at pH > 7. At 100 °C and m(S_total) = 0.1, the maximum fraction of Zn(HS)₄^2? is only 20% of the total Zn concentration (i.e. at pH_t ~ 7.5), whereas at 350 °C and 3 <pH_t <10, the fraction of Zn(HS)₄^2? and ZnS(HS)^? is less than 0.05% and 2.5% respectively, of the total Zn concentration and Zn(HS)₂⁰ and Zn(HS)₃^? predominate. The measured equilibrium formation constants were combined with the literature data on the stability of Zn–Cl complexes in order to evaluate the concentration and speciation of Zn in chloride solutions. It was found that at acidic pH, and in more saline fluids having total chloride > 0.05 m, Zn–Cl complexes are responsible for hydrothermal Zn transport with no significant contribution of Zn–S–HS complexes. The hydrosulfide/sulfide complexes will play a more important role in lower salinity (< 0.05 m chloride) hydrothermal solutions which are characteristic of many epithermal ore depositing environments. The value of Δ_fG° (β-ZnS_(cr)) = ? 198.6 ± 0.2 kJ/mol at 25 °C was determined via solubility measurements of natural low-iron Santander (Spain) sphalerite.