西藏喜马拉雅地区三叠系-侏罗系界线动物群扩散事件及古环境

西藏喜马拉雅格米格地区的三叠系。侏罗系界线地层的菊石类和双壳类曾生活在热带浅海环境。建立在菊石带基础上的高分辨率地层可用于确定一些动物群的发生。双壳类Aguilerella和Ctenostreon展现了泛热带迁移的模式,它们首先出现在喜马拉雅,然后向东迁移到东南太平洋;这一模式同样为菊石类Choristoceras,Discamphiceras,Pleuroacanthites和Psiloceras calliphyllum的地理分布所支持。一些在其他地方晚三叠世业已绝灭的属种,如菊石类有Choristoceras和Eopsiloceras,双壳类有Newaagia,Terquemia,Persia,Ryderia guangdongensis和Cultriopsis angusta,在西藏喜马拉雅地区却延续到早侏罗世早期。这一现象表明西藏喜马拉雅地区可能在晚三叠世的生物大绝灭过程中起到了避难所的作用。     

利用日本钻孔场地的强弱地震动反演土壤与应变有关的非线性特征

在1995年兵库县南部地震期间,日本尼崎、高砂和南光3处钻孔场地的地表台站分别观测到了507cm/s2以上、187cm/s2和126cm/s2的水平峰值地面加速度(PGA)的强运动。利用对强弱地震动的互相关和频谱比的分析,我们给出了除南光之外在尼崎、高砂两处强地震动期间土壤非线性响应的定性证据。我们通过对剪切波速和与频率相关的阻尼因子的反演来评估土壤的非线性。反演得到砾石土的剪切模量比的应变依赖性比粘性土的要大,这与实验室试验结果一致。剪应变在10-4～10-3之间时,反演得到的尼崎、高砂两处砾石土和粘性土的剪切模量比的应变依赖性,分别同砾石土和粘性土实验室试验结果的经验关系相一致。这些结果支持了在砾石土和粘性土场地利用实验室试验所得剪切模量比来模拟强地震动。在尼崎,由主震反演得到的砾石土的阻尼因子在3个场地之中是最大的,但是阻尼因子的应变依赖性不如剪切模量比的应变依赖性那样显著。阻尼因子的应变依赖性不太显著的原因可能是由于散射衰减在低应变范围处于相对优势地位所致。     

Acute toxicity of temporally varying seawater CO2 conditions on juveniles of Japanese sillago (Sillago japonica)

CO(2) ocean storage by which liquefied CO(2) is injected into the deep-sea to mitigate the climate change would increase the CO(2) concentrations of the surrounding seawater. The biological impacts of such dynamic CO(2) environments are, however, unknown. We examined the acute toxicity of temporally changing seawater CO(2) concentrations on juveniles of Sillago japonica. Step-wise increases in ambient CO(2) to fCO(2) (fractional CO(2) concentration of the gas mixture bubbled into seawater) levels of 7% and 9% resulted in mortalities of 0.15 and 0.40-0.67 after 18 h, respectively. In contrast, one-step increases to these CO(2) levels killed all fish within 15 min. Further, a sudden drop of fCO(2) from 9-10% CO(2) to normocapnia (0.038%) killed all the surviving fish within a few minutes. These results demonstrate that impacts of ocean CO(2) storage need to be examined under conditions mimicking the dynamic changes in CO(2) levels expected to occur by the CO(2) injection procedure.     

Aeromonas veronii, a tributyltin (TBT)-degrading bacterium isolated from an estuarine environment, Ria de Aveiro in Portugal

Organotin compounds are used in a variety of industrial processes therefore their subsequent discharge into the environment is widespread. Bacteria play an important role in biogeochemical transformations acting as natural decontamination agents. Therefore, screening for tributyltin (TBT)-resistant and -degrading bacteria is relevant for the selection of isolates with decontamination ability of these polluted areas. With this purpose, 50 strains were isolated from sediment and water from Ria de Aveiro and their tolerance to TBT, up to 3mM, was evaluated. Generally, occurrence of highly TBT-resistant bacteria was observed, and Gram negative bacteria exhibited more tolerance to TBT than Gram positive bacteria. A memory response was observed when bacteria were progressively exposed to increasingly higher TBT concentrations. One isolate, Aeromonas veronii Av27, highly resistant to TBT (3mM) uses this compound as carbon source and degrades it to less toxic compounds.     

Changes in body condition and fatty acid composition of wild Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus, Steindachner, 1868) associated to sea cage fish farms

Net-cage fish farms attract a great number of wild fishes, altering their behaviour and possibly their physiology. Wild Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus), sampled from populations aggregated around two Mediterranean fish farms and from two natural control populations, were analyzed for differences in body condition, stomach content and fatty acid composition. Pellets used to feed caged fish in both farms were also analyzed to identify their relationship with the fatty acid composition of tissue of wild fish. T. mediterraneus aggregated around the farms throughout the year although large seasonal changes in abundance and biomass occurred. Wild fish aggregated at farms mainly ate food pellets while control fish fed principally on juvenile fish and cephalopods. Wild fish that fed around the cages had a significantly higher body fat content than the control fish (7.30+/-1.8% and 2.36+/-0.7%, respectively). The fatty acid composition also differed between farm-associated and control fish, principally because of the significantly increased levels of linoleic (C18:2omega6) and oleic (C18:1omega9) acids and decreased docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6omega3) in farm-associated fish. The increased condition of wild fish associated with farms could increase the spawning ability of coastal fish populations, if wild fish are protected from fishing while they are present at farms. The fatty acids compositions could also serve as biomarkers to infer the influence of a fish farm on the local fish community, helping to better describe the environmental impact of fish farming.     

Trace and rare-earth element geochemistry： A tool for petrogenetic and geotectonic modeling of ensimatic ortho-amphibolites from Pan-African belt of Obudu Plateau, Southeastern Nigeria

A model for the petrogenetic affinity and original geotectonic setting of ortho-amphibolites from the Obudu Plateau was tested using the distribution patterns of trace and rare-earth elements from the geochemical analyses of twelve representative amphibolite samples. Discrimination plots, normalized patterns of the incompatible trace elements against average MORB, low ratios of Ba/Nb (9–23) and Ba/Ta (130–327) and other geochemical characteristics suggest that the protoliths were dominantly of tholeiitic MO...     

Rare-earth and trace element imprints on the origin and tectonic setting of gabbro-diorite complex in the Pan-African belt of Southeast Obudu Plateau,Nigeria

A gabbro-diorite plutonic complex from the Southeast Obudu Plateau, representing limited volumes of magma, was studied for its trace and rare-earth element characteristics, in an attempt to document its genetic and geodynamic history. Geochemical studies indicate that the gabbro samples are characterized by variable concentrations and low averages of such index elements as Cr (40×10-6–200×10-6; av. 80×10-6), Ni (40×10-6–170×10-6; 53.33×10-6) and Zr (110×10-6–240×10-6; 116.67×10-6); variable and high average...     

浙江花岗岩的工程岩石学研究

对浙江省花岗岩的岩相学特征及力学性质进行了研究以确定它们之间的关系.矿物学研究显示出花岗岩的交代蚀变特征,这可以反映在岩石的力学性质上.岩石材料的物理性质决定其工程学性质,在相关定量参数确定的情况下,可以预测岩石材料的工程学性质.镜下观察、硬度、密度、孔隙度及点负荷强度均可作为所研究花岗岩的定量参数.上述每个因素都可提供岩石工程学的可靠预测.岩石的物理性质受岩石成分及蚀变状态控制,而岩石的工程学性质和力学特征是其物理性质的函数.     

三水盆地古近系湖相沉积岩的氧、碳同位素地球化学记录及其环境意义

三水盆地古近系莘庄组顶部至土布心组红岗段的全岩碳酸盐稳定同位素分析结果表明其形成期间经历了多次环境变迁。根据碳酸盐氧、碳同位素比值及其相互关系的变化,可识别三次海水入侵期。其时δ18O值大幅度向正值漂移。而由于受有机质降解的影响,相应时期的δ13 C均表现为低值。在不直接受海洋影响的湖相沉积阶段,δ18O与δ13 C的相关程度虽然未达到典型的封闭型湖泊水平,但仍呈现一定的正相关变化 (r =0.6 5 ),表明其湖水滞留时间较长。而频繁出现的石膏薄层沉积也指示湖盆的封闭性较好。这些均表明这一时期的三水盆地可能是一周期性封闭型湖泊。其稳定同位素组成主要受制于蒸发量/降雨量平衡的变化。而δ13 C比值往往还受有机质活动的控制,更多的是反映有机质生产力、埋藏与降解率。