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771.
One of the mechanisms of sudden particle release from grain surfaces in natural porous media is a decrease in salt concentration of the permeating fluid to below the critical salt concentration. Particle release can cause a change in hydraulic conductivity of the matrix, either by washing out the fines and thus increasing the pore sizes or by the plugging of pore constrictions. The phenomenon of permeability changes as a result of particle detachment was investigated in a series of column experiments. Coarse and fine sediments from the Hanford Formation in southeast Washington were tested. Columns were subject to a pulse of highly saline solution (NaNO3) followed by a fresh water shock causing particle release. Outflow rates and changes in hydraulic head as well as electric conductivity and pH were monitored over time. No permeability decrease occurred within the coarse matrix alone. However, when a thin layer of fine sediment was embedded within the coarse material (mimicking field conditions at the Hanford site), permeability irreversibly decreased to 10% to 20% of the initial value. Evidence suggests that most of this permeability decrease was a result of particles detached within the fine layer and its subsequent clogging. An additional observation was a sudden increase in pH in the outflow solution, generated in situ during the fresh water shock. Because layered systems are common in natural settings, our results suggest that alteration between sodium solution and fresh water can lead to particle release and subsequently reduce the overall permeability of the matrix. 相似文献
772.
Twenty stations were established in the near-shore regions of South Fujian Shoal (116°10′–119°00′ E, 21°20′–24°10′ N) on summer and winter cruises during the period from August 1997 and February to March 1998. The distribution pattern of marine bacterial β-glucosidase activity (β-GlcA) has been investigated by using fluorogenic model substrate (FMS) technique in order to have better understanding of the β-GlcA, as well as its relation to marine bacterial biomass, productivity and environmental factors in Taiwan strait. The results showed that: (1) In summer, the average of β-GlcA at the Southern stations of Taiwan strait was 1.94 nmol/1 h. While in winter, the average of β-GlcA at the Northern stations was 0.86 nmol/1 h and the range of variation (0.34–1.89 nmol/1 h) was much more narrow than that in summer (0.31–8.1 nmol/1 h). (2) According to the carbon conversion factor, the β-GlcA was 0.14 and 0.062 ugc/1 h in summer and winter respectively. These β-GlcA values were higher than the bacterial production of the two seasons respectively. (3) The β-GlcA gradually rises from offshore water to near-shore water. (4) The correlation between the β-GlcA and the bacterial secondary production was not so obvious. (5) The correlation between the section distributions, daily varying of the β-GlcA and the bacterial production was not obvious. (6) In the surface water, the distribution character of free-state β-GlcA from bacteria was equal to that of the total β-GlcA in the whole sea area. 相似文献
773.
The transport and sedimentation of copper in the Glomma estuary, SE Norway during a period of 90% reduction in the industrial input of Cu, was studied from sediment trap material and compared to samples of the bottom sediments. Traps were deployed at four stations for several monthly periods during 1990, 1994 and 1995. Trapped material was analysed for suspended particulate matter (SPM), total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN), Cu, and Al. Only about 10% of the Cu from the river is trapped in the estuary. Still there was a moderate but significant reduction in Cu concentration in the trap SPM from 1990 to 1994, reflecting the industrial reductions, but only if excluding summer samples apparently influenced by antifouling Cu from boat paint. Settling matter therefore seems appropriate and sensitive for monitoring changes in the Cu load. The results supported the view that TOC is the main carrier of Cu to the sediments. 相似文献
774.
M.Qaisar T.Mahmood S.A.Khan 《地震学报(英文版)》2003,16(1):59-66
The detectability and reliability analysis for the local seismic network is performed employing by Bungum and Husebye technique.The events were relocated using standard computer codes for hypocentral locations.The de-tectability levels are estimated from the twenty-five years of recorded data in terms of 50%,90%and 100% cumu-lative detectability threshokls,which were derived from frequency-magnitude distribution.From this analysis the 100%level of detectability of the network is ML=1.7 for events which occur within the network.The accuracy in hypocentral solutions of the network is investigated by considering the fixed real hypocenter within the network.The epicentral errors are found to be less than 4km then the events occur within the network.Finally.the prob-lems faced during continuous operation of the local network,which effects its detectability,are discussed. 相似文献
775.
发生在加利福尼亚的地震之间的等待时间分布遵从简单的统一定标律。这一定标律的有效范围从数十秒到数十年。短期丛集,也就是通常所说的余震,只是地震一般层级性质的短期限定。没有唯一的区分主震和余震的操作方法。在该统一定标律中,古登堡一里克特b值、余震大森定律的指数-1和地震的分维数df表现为关键指数。 相似文献
776.
利用Bungum和Husebye的方法,分析了地方地震台网的检测能力和可靠性.用标准的计算机定位程序重新测定了地震位置.根据25年的地震记录,分别由震级-频度关系导出的50%、90%和100%的累积检测率估计了检测水平.对台网内地震,相应于100%检测率的震级下限为ML=1.7.用台网内固定的实际震源,研究了台网对震源位置的测定精度.对网内地震,震中测定误差小于4 km.最后讨论了台网连续工作时可能会遇到的影响检测能力的一些问题. 相似文献
777.
由弹性波纵横波速比计算得到的泊松比,在利用地震波反演地下结构和物质组成时,可以提供比单纯地利用纵波或者横波波速更强的约束. 为了研究不同岩石中泊松比及其各向异性随围压的变化,选取19块典型的岩石样品,在不同围压下沿相互正交的3个方向同时测量纵、横波速度,并通过计算得到了泊松比及其各向异性. 结果表明,在大部分样品中泊松比各向异性与纵波速度各向异性有一定的相关性,但在有的样品中泊松比各向异性与纵波速度各向异性没有明显的关系,甚至表现出完全相反的变化规律. 由于泊松比也表现出很强的各向异性,在排除微裂隙的影响后有的仍可以达到30髎以上,在利用实际地震波传播数据通过泊松比反演地下物质结构时必须考虑其各向异性的影响. 相似文献
778.
779.
使用三维有限差分法模拟了由浅走滑断层破裂过程产生的强地面运动。此破裂过程是用一种具有固定破裂速度的裂纹模式来模拟的。还研究了与断层位置和震源参数(像应力降或破裂速度)相关的峰值地动速度图象的变化。我们的发现表明,这些图象受到破裂方向和断层或凹凸体最上部所在深度的强烈影响。当断层突破地下时,平行于断层的高峰值地动速度分量所在的区域距断层迹线有一段与断层深度相当的距离。另一方面,垂直于断层的峰值地动速度则是沿断层迹线最大。断层长度(或凹凸体长度)对峰值地动速度并无太大影响。对有关应力降和破裂速度的非均匀性对强地面运动的影响也作了研究。当应力降不均匀且在最浅的深度处从震开始线性增加时,峰值地运速度减小。这些结果有助于更好地预测由有潜在的危险断层所产生的强地面运动。 相似文献
780.
青藏东缘新生代两类高钾岩浆活动的热年代学研究 总被引:22,自引:2,他引:22
40Ar/39Ar年龄数据表明, 青藏东缘和印支块体上出露两期新生代具有不同地球化学特征的岩浆活动, 它们的时代分别为40~28和16~0 Ma. 早期高钾岩石沿主走滑断裂如金沙江-红河断裂断续分布, 是在转换压缩过程中产生的. 晚期高钾岩石广泛分布于裂谷盆地中, 它与青藏和东亚地区出现的东-西向伸展有关. 结合地球化学示踪结果可知, 早期岩浆活动是在陆内俯冲过程中形成的, 而晚期岩浆活动则起源于一个新近交代富集的亏损地幔. 岩浆间歇期则代表在印度-亚洲东碰撞带一次重要的地球动力学转变, 即从由地壳变形控制的过程向由地幔构造占主导的过程转变. 相似文献