Dispersion and toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms of pesticides used to treat sea lice on salmon in net pen enclosures

Pesticides are used extensively in the finfish aquaculture industry to control sea lice infestations on farmed salmon. The most prevalent method of use is to enclose a net pen with an impervious tarpaulin and mix a pesticide solution within that enclosure. After treatment for short periods (1 h) the pesticide solution is released to the environment. Concerns have been raised that there is a potential risk to non-target aquatic organisms from those releases. The fate of dispersing pesticide solutions was measured after six simulated treatments in the Lower Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. Three simulated treatments were done with azamethiphos and three with cypermethrin. Rhodamine dye was added to all pesticide solutions in order to facilitate tracking of the dispersing plume through real-time measurements of dye concentrations by a flow-through fluorometer coupled with a differential global positioning system (DGPS). Water samples were obtained from within the plumes at various times after release and analysed for pesticide content and toxicity to a benthic amphipod Eohaustorius estuaris. Dye concentrations were detectable for time periods after release which varied from 2 to 5.5 h. Distances travelled by the dye patches ranged from 900 to 3000 m and the dye concentrations at the final sampling period were generally 1/200-1/3000 the pre-release concentrations and cypermethrin concentrations were generally 1/1000-1/2000 the pre-release concentrations. Cypermethrin concentrations in water samples were closely correlated with dye concentrations, indicating that dye analyses were an accurate surrogate for cypermethrin concentrations. Most samples taken after the releases of azamethiphos were not toxic to test organisms in 48 h exposures and none were beyond 20 min post-release. By contrast, almost all samples taken after the release of cypermethrin, even up to 5-h post-release, were toxic. Data indicate the potential to cause toxic effects over areas of hectares from a single release of cypermethrin.     

试论地震在泥石流形成中的作用

地震和泥石流是自然界常见的灾种。对地震在泥石流形成中的作用以及地震泥石流的特征进行了初步探讨后认为，强烈地震区和新构造运动活跃区往往也是泥石流高发区；地震通过为泥石流提供固体物质来源、水源、动力条件和激发条件等影响泥石流的形成和发展；地震引发的泥石流具有滞后性、周期性、区域性和多沟同时暴发的特点     

日本西南冈山县中部有汉花岗闪长岩和贺阳花岗岩Rb—Sr同…

测定了冈山县中部有汉花岗闪长岩和贺阳花岗岩Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ全岩等时线年龄和Ｓｒ同位素初始比值。它们的主岩相年龄分别为９２．０±６．５Ｍａ和８１．２±５．５Ｍａ，ＳｒＩ分别为０．７０６９６±１和０．７０６８４±１０。     

美国亚利桑那州凤凰市地面沉降和地面裂缝的起源

1980年1月，凤凰市出现首例地裂缝。该区水位下降已超过90m，测得沉降量是1.05m，间接沉降证据为1.5m，地下水位埋深达170多m，最大沉降速率为0.13m/a。地下水位上降始于50年代中期，10年后，当地下水位下降30m～45m后，沉降开始发生，沉降漏斗每年扩大5km^2，先是向西，最近向北向东发展，沉降漏斗还将继续扩大，沉降量可能要超过3m。     

水力学结构成像的大跨距井间层析新方法

一种大跨距井间层析成像系统已经问世，并在佛罗里达州的萨内贝尔岛成功地完成跨距长达５４０ｍ的试验。该系统能够穿过任意沉积地层在所需的跨距之间发送要求频率的声波脉冲，其作法是，产生一系列的相位调制伪随机二进制码，这些代码在进行实时平均和相关计算中不断重复，直到达到期望的信噪比为止。     

生态地质学——地质科学的新分支(英文)

文中介绍了生态地质学的定义 ,探讨其研究客体和研究对象以及岩石圈的生态作用 (指资源生态作用、地球动力学生态作用、地球物理和地球化学生态作用 )。文中还讨论了生态地质学的理论和实践意义 ,并对生态地质学的逻辑构成———科学结构、具体分类进行了详细论述。     

Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Middle Proterozoic Aoyougou Ophiolite in the North Qilian Mountains,Northwestern China

The Aoyougou ophiolite lies in an early Palaeozoic orogenic belt of the western North Qilian Mountains, near the Aoyougou valley in Gansu Province, northwestern China. It consists of serpentinite, a cumulate sequence of gabbro and diorite, pillow and massive lavas, diabase and chert. Ages of 1840±2 Ma, 1783±2 Ma and 1784±2 Ma on three zircons from diabase, indicate an early Middle Proterozoic age. The diabases and basalts show light rare-earth element enrichment and have relatively high TiO2 contents, characteristic of ocean island basalts. All of the lavas have low MgO, Cr, Ni contents and Mg numbers indicating a more evolved character. They are believed to have been derived from a more mafic parental magma by fractionation of olivine, Cr-spinel and minor plagioclase. Based on the lava geochemistry and regional geology, the Aoyougou ophiolite was probably believed to have formed at a spreading centre in a small marginal basin. Subduction of the newly formed oceanic lithosphere in the Middle Proteroz     

Hydrogeological Characteristics of a Karst Mountainous Catchment in the Northwest of Vietnam

This paper presents a preliminary assessment of the hydrogeological characteristics of a karst mountainous catchment, the Suoi Muoi River catchment, in the northwest of Vietnam. The catchment is located at 600 -700 m a.s.l. and covers an area of 284 km. Exposed limestone occupies 32% of the total catchment area. Various types of assessments have been carried out, including geological and hydrogeological field surveys, cave surveys, dye-tracer tests, meteorological and surface water monitoring. Geological studies and cave surveys have identified the most important active cave/conduit systems within the catchment. Although these data are essential, they are insufficient to make a comprehensive appraisal of the hydrologic nature of the catchment under interest. An attempt was made to calculate a global water balance of the catchment, based on short-term (15 months) meteorological and streamflow records. The results show that, despite the existence of a number of substantial cavem conduit systems, the groun     

Baiyun Cave in Naigu Shilin,Yunnan Karst,China

The Baiyun cave is a 380 m long karst cave in the Naigu Shilin, situated 70 km southeast of Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. The prevailing orientations of the cave passages are N110°-120°E and N0°-10°W and those of the fissures in the cave are N30°-40°W and N20°-30°W. The cave is developed in the thick-bedded Lower Permian Qixia Formation. The cave has an active water flow and is currently at the near water-table stage. There are large amounts of different infills of cave sediments. The cave shows different stages of paragenesis. The palaeomagnetic analysis of cave sediments shows that their ages are younger than 780 ka B.P. (the Brunhes Chron). The upper part of the sampled profile belongs to the reverse Blake event (112.3-117.9 ka B.P.). The formation of the Baiyun cave is directly connected with the development of the Naigu Shilin. The formation of karst underground and surface features depends on the regional tectonic deformation and the Cenozoic extension of the study area.