用单道地震反射方法确定BSR反射率的横向变化

地震反演技术结果和深海测井曲线显示下伏分布有薄层游离气的似海底反射波（BSRs）呈强振幅反射。然而，BSR经常表现为相对弱振幅，并具有明显的横向变化。这种情况我们还不十分清楚。是一个仍需要研究的课题。波形反演可用来研究BSR附近传播速度的分布状况，但在一些情况下不能应用，因为它需要采用包括震泊和接收器之间的大偏移距的多道地震数量采集装置，象这些不适用的还有许多例子，所以我们考虑用其它方法达到相同的目的。一种是应用小偏移距的单道数据方法。它最初是被用在浅海沉积物工程和环境调查中。当然，单道地震方法不能象多道地震那样提供速度的适用信息。在这里，单道方法有一个自行校准的优点，在纠正波峰偏差后能提供真实的反射振幅，而不用考虑需求原的反射特征或有关的速度和密度参数。这些真振幅而且能产生用于纠正传播损失的反射系数。用此方法还能帮助我们解释合成数据，它被证实在数据采集区间可用快速数字化率提高结果的精度。这种方法可以提供一套事先经过全波形反演分析的真实数据。由于数字化率相当慢而使成果噪音大、记录长度很短，但是，海底和BSR反射系数的平均值与反演所得到的平均值对比得很好。结论是单道地震方法可以提供合理的反射系数值。我们认为，在密度变化的条件下，单道数据可以提供BSR附近传播速度的结果信息，此外，它比全波形反演示所付出的工作量最小。     

确定海洋沉积物中污染物来源的方法-多变量主成分分析方法

排入海洋环境中的大多数化学制品的地球化学循环过程与其所在的沉积物有很大的联系 ,这些沉积物可以与污染物相混合并通过它们在水中的运动搅动输运这些污染物从而使污染效果扩大。沉积物运动所产生的影响在河口浅水区域尤其突出。因此 ,已经广泛应用沉积物来确定污染物的来源、测定它们的浓度范围、判断水生系统的环境质量。与大陆边缘和河口环境污染相关的问题之一就是对污染物来源的确定。KrumgalzBS (1 993 )和HopkePK(1 983 )对区域性海洋环境中的这个问题进行过讨论 ,他们都是以假设为基础 ,假设如果任意一个特定地区的相同来源的…     

Numerical Simulation of Residual Circulation due to Bottom Roughness Variability Under Tidal Flows in A Semi-Enclosed Bay

1 .IntroductionWater pollution has a large influence on water environment and our life ;for example ,it some-times induces oxygen depression,blue tide andredtide in a bay.For water purificationin a semi-en-closed sea ,some new methods to activate the tidal exchange between an inner bay and an outer seaarea by control of a tidal residual current have been proposed (Awayaet al .,1995) . Huthnance(1973) ,Zimmerman (1978 ,1981) , Loder (1980) ,and Robinson (1983) considered cases wherethe fricti…     

DYNAMICS OF REGIONAL URBANIZATION IN FUJIAN COASTAL AREA

I.DynamicStI.uctureofRegioIlalUl.baIlizati0llRegionalurbanizationa11dregionaleconol11icdevelopl1lel1tarecloselyrelated.Tl1eprocessofregionaleconol11icdevelopmentisactuallytheprocessofurbangroWthandurbansystel11developn1ent.Regiol1alurbal1izatiol1isl1otonlythespatiall11anifestati0nofregionaleconolllicdeveloplllent,butalsothespatialmeanstofosterregiol1aleconon1icdevelopment.Tl1el11ajortheoriesofdeveloplnentec0nomicsanddeveloplllel1ttheoriesofregiollaleconon1icsaftertl1eSec0l1dWorldWarareall…     

The projected population of Russia in 2005

Two alternative projections of future population trends in Russia are presented up to the year 2005. The projections were prepared by the Center for Economic Analysis, an official body of the Government of the Russian Federation. Both alternatives show a projected decline in total population size from the 1992 population, varying from 9.6 million to 16.8 million fewer people in 2005.     

Contaminant exposure and effects in Baltic ringed and grey seals as assessed by biomarkers

The Baltic Sea ecosystem has suffered from a heavy pollutant load for more than three decades. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals have been of most concern due to their persistence and toxic properties. Ringed seals (Phoca hispida baltica) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) living in the Baltic Sea have been suffering from pathological impairments, including reproductive disturbances, which have resulted in a depressed reproductive capacity. We investigated several biochemical parameters as potential biomarkers for exposure to and effects of the contaminant load in the Baltic seals. Seals from less polluted areas were used as reference material in terms of the pollution load. In both Baltic seal populations, the levels of some biochemical parameters diverged from those in the reference seals, and some of these showed a clear correlation with the individual contaminant load. Of the potential bioindicators, we propose cytochrome P4501A activity and vitamin E levels, in blubber or plasma, as exposure biomarkers for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in both species. The arylhydrocarbon receptor-mediated chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) response reflects the whole PCB and DDT burden in ringed seals. Retinyl palmitate (vitamin A) levels showed a negative correlation with the individual POP load, and is proposed as potential effect biomarkers for the depletion of the vitamin A stores. As the nutritional levels of both vitamin A and E have an impact on the vitamin levels in the seals, more information on the dietary vitamin levels is needed before any conclusions can be drawn. As the relationship between biochemical parameters and contaminants varied between the two species, species-specific characteristics has to be considered when monitoring the health status and possible toxic effects of the contaminant load in ringed and grey seals.     

Biological transport and mammal to mammal transfer of organochlorines in Arctic fauna

Ringed seal (Phoca hispida) is assumed to be the most important and common prey of polar bears (Ursus maritimus). However, during a scientific survey in the ice area of the northern Barents Sea east of Svalbard in June 1995, an unexpectedly high number of polar bears were observed feeding on harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) carcasses. Samples of both harp and ringed seals were obtained and organochlorine (OC) occurrence and pattern in these two potential polar bear prey species were determined. Significantly higher OC concentrations were found in harp seals, as compared to the ringed seals. All animals in the northern harp seal group were lean specimens in late moult. The industrial chemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and the OC pesticides bis-2,2,(chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and chlordanes (CHLORs) were analysed in blubber. The concentrations of sigma PCB (sum of concentrations of 16 PCB congeners) and sigma DDT (sum of concentrations of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE) in the northern harp seal group ranged from 2093 to 20,382 and 1460 to 10,381 ng g-1 lipid weight, with mean concentrations of 11,133 and 6847 ng g-1 lipid weight, respectively. The mean concentrations of the CHLORs, oxychlordane and trans-nonachlor, were 1311 and 3743 ng g-1 lipid weight, respectively, while the mean concentrations of HCB and HCH isomers (alpha-, beta- and gamma-HCH) were all < 500 ng g-1 lipid weight. No significant difference was found in the mean total blubber mass between the two seal species when collected in June. This indicates that polar bears preying on harp seals instead of ringed seals at this time of the year could accumulate significantly higher PCB concentrations. We suggest that polar bears feeding along the ice-edge east of Svalbard in May and June preferentially prey on harp seals instead of ringed seals, and that this may partly explain the variation in PCB concentrations among polar bears from the Norwegian Arctic. An hypothesis is that the harp seal may function as a transport vector of OCs into the high Arctic environment.     

1978年实用盐标在中国的情况

本文对海洋技术研究所用于标准盐度系统的技术方法和仪器设备进行评价,其结论是:在中国可以相同的精度复现1978年实用盐标。     

浅层天然气的小规模三维地震勘查

这项小规模三维工程由ＣＥＰＭ资助，ＴＯＴＡＬ和ＥＬＦ承担，是用来确定获得浅层天然气评价的三维地震高分辨率资料的一种经济的方法。     

Physiological responses to copper in giant clams: a comparison of two methods in revealing effects on photosynthesis in zooxanthellae

In the present work physiological responses to a short term, sub-lethal exposure to copper (5 microg Cu2 l(-1) were studied on two species of giant clams, Tridacna gigas and Hippopus hippopus. All giant clams (fam. Tridacnidae) maintain a symbiotic relationship with photo-synthesising microalgae (zooxanthellae) and the phytotoxic effects of this copper concentration were approached with two different end points: changes in oxygen production and maximal quantum yield (Fv/Fm). Additionally we measured respiration, whereby Pg:R ratios could be calculated for the system (algae and clam) and used as an indicator of stress. Cu accumulation was only determined for T. gigas and showed significantly higher tissue concentrations in exposed specimens (11.3 microg Cu g(-1) dry wt) compared to the controls (4.2 microg Cu g(-1)). Both species displayed significantly reduced Pg:R ratios due to exposure, mainly explained by lowered gross production. No indication of stress was shown in the fluorescence measurements and possible explanations are discussed in the paper. We propose that inhibitions in the slow kinetics of photosynthesis were not captured by this fluorescence parameter. Accordingly we suggest that measurements of maximum fluorescence yield should be accompanied by complementary parameters when studying pollutants with unclear phytotoxic mechanisms.